Jump to content

Erotica (Madonna album)

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Erotica
A woman's face with eyes closed and her mouth open. On her left cheek, the words "Erotica" and "Madonna" are written in black color.
Studio album by
Madonna
ReleasedOctober 20, 1992
Recorded1991–1992
StudioClinton Recording, Mastermix, Soundworks (New York)
Genre
Length75:24
Label
Producer
Madonna chronology
The Immaculate Collection
(1990) 		Erotica
(1992) 		Bedtime Stories
(1994)
Singles from Erotica
  1. "Erotica"
    Released: September 29, 1992
  2. "Deeper and Deeper"
    Released: November 17, 1992
  3. "Bad Girl"
    Released: February 2, 1993
  4. "Fever"
    Released: March 6, 1993
  5. "Rain"
    Released: July 19, 1993
  6. "Bye Bye Baby"
    Released: November 15, 1993

Erotica is the fifth studio album by American singer Madonna, released on October 20, 1992, by Maverick and Sire Records. The album was released simultaneously with Madonna's first book publication Sex, a coffee table book containing explicit photographs of the singer, and marked her first release under Maverick, her own multimedia entertainment company. For the album, the singer enlisted Shep Pettibone and André Betts, with whom she had collaborated on 1990's "Vogue" and The Immaculate Collection.

In mid-1991, Pettibone sent Madonna a three-track demo; she listened to the songs and liked all of them. Afterwards, the two met in New York City to start working on more music. The singer would write the melodies and lyrics on top of the music Pettibone produced in the style of his previous remixes. Erotica has been noted as a concept album about sex and romance in times of HIV/AIDS, with songs that touch "unpleasant" themes such as S&M and homophobia. Additionally, it marked a departure of the dance-oriented nature of Madonna's previous works, incorporating elements of hip-hop, house, techno, and New Jack Swing.

Upon release, it received praise from critics, who regarded it as one of Madonna's most adventurous albums. Some, however, felt the music was overshadowed by its sexual themes. Commercially, it was less successful than Madonna's previous endeavors; it peaked at number 2 on the US Billboard 200, becoming her first studio album not to top the chart since her debut. Internationally, it reached the first spot in Australia, Finland, and France, and peaked within the top five of several other countries such as Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Erotica was later certified double-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, and has sold more than six million copies worldwide.

Six singles were released from the album, including the title track and "Deeper and Deeper", both of which reached the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100. The album was supported by the Girlie Show, Madonna's fourth concert tour, which visited cities in Europe, the Americas, Australia, and Asia in 1993. Somewhat overlooked at the time of its release in part due to the backlash surrounding the Sex book, Erotica has been retrospectively considered one of Madonna's most important albums, as well as one of the most revolutionary of all time by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Many critics have since noted influence of Erotica in works by contemporary female artists such as Janet Jackson to Beyoncé.

Background

[edit]

On April 21, 1992, it was reported that Madonna had teamed up with Time Warner Inc. to form Maverick, a multi-media entertainment company.[1] Maverick consisted of a record company, a film production company, and associated music publishing, television broadcasting, book publishing and merchandising divisions.[1] The deal paid the singer an advance of $60 million, and gave her 20% royalties from the music proceedings, one of the highest rates in the industry, equaled at that time only by Michael Jackson's royalty rate established a year earlier with Sony.[1] Madonna described Maverick as "the perfect marriage of art and commerce", further adding that she envisioned it as an "artistic think tank", and likened it to a cross between the German arts institute Bauhaus, and Andy Warhol's The Factory; "it started as a desire to have more control. There's a group of writers, photographers, directors and editors that I've met along the way in my career who I want to take with me everywhere I go. I want to incorporate them into my little factory of ideas", she explained.[1][2] The first two projects from the venture were Madonna's fifth studio album, and a coffee table book depicting her "erotic fantasies", titled Sex.[1][3]

Madonna described the album as "soulful, with a jazzy undertone and lot of beatnik-style poetry in it".[2] Titled Erotica, the record saw the singer reunited with producer Shep Pettibone, with whom she had previously collaborated on "Vogue", and "Rescue Me" from The Immaculate Collection (1990).[3][4] Alongside Pettibone, Madonna enlisted help from producer André Betts, who previously co-produced "Justify My Love" from The Immaculate Collection.[5] She was interested to work with Pettibone and Betts due to their ability to remain plugged into the dance underground; "they come from opposite ends of the spectrum in terms of their music style and approach to music, but they're both connected to the street and they're still young and hungry".[6]

Development

[edit]

"We were listening in my home studio to one of the first songs and I turned to her and said, 'It's great, but it's no 'Vogue'. She told me that not every song could be 'Vogue' [...] but I pressed my case anyway: 'I guess I'm always trying to out-top myself, the next thing should be bigger than the last'. Madonna just turned and looked me straight in the eye. She said, 'Shep, no matter how fierce something is, you can't ever do the same thing twice'".

—Producer Shep Pettibone on working with Madonna in Erotica.[7]

Following the release of The Immaculate Collection, by mid-1991, Pettibone began working on new music: "I knew I could do something great after 'Vogue' and 'Rescue Me' so I just started putting tracks together with my assistant, Tony Shimkin", Pettibone recalled.[7] He and Shimkin created a three-track demo and sent it to Madonna, who was in Chicago filming A League of Their Own; she listened to the songs and liked all of them. In October, after filming was complete, Madonna met Pettibone in New York City to start working on more demos.[7] Anthony Shimkins recalled that the singer brought with her a "book full of lyrics and melody ideas".[8] Petibone created the music, and Madonna the lyrics.[7] Shimkin would program a Macintosh computer to play percussion and synthesizer parts and transfer them to an eight-track recorder; then, Madonna would record her vocals.[9] According to author Mark Bego, the first batch of songs they worked on were the title track, "Deeper and Deeper", "Bad Girl", "Thief of Hearts", and "Rain".[10] Recording took place at New York's Soundworks Studios, Master Mix Studios, and Clinton Recording Studios.[11] The producer described their work schedule as "sporadic", because Madonna split her time between other ventures: She was working with Steven Meisel on Sex and would sometimes leave for two weeks; occasionally, she'd also meet with producer André Betts.[7] At first, Madonna did not like the first group of songs she had recorded. According to Mark Landeros from Classic Pop, Pettibone's "glossy sheen and pristine production were the antithesis of what [she] envisioned" for Erotica.[4] She wanted it to have a "raw edge", as if it were recorded in an alley in Harlem.[7]

Problems also arose during sequencing; computer processes would take too long and delay recordings. Pettibone had to keep things moving as fast as possible as he did not want Madonna to lose interest in the music.[7] Also at this point, the music was getting "a little melancholy" and Madonna's lyrics and ideas "a lot more serious and intense".[7] It was Pettibone's idea to write a song for Madona's friend Martin Burgoyne who died of HIV/AIDS, and came up with the chords to "In This Life"; she wrote the lyrics in 15 minutes.[12] Title track "Erotica" underwent "numerous radical changes" during the recording process, with four different versions being recorded; the singer would first sing it one way, and then decide to erase everything and start all over again.[8] Shimkin affirmed that the original version was not "as slinky and sexy and grimy and dirty", until the mixing process; at that stage, the song was still an "experimentation", but when they realized it was going to be the lead single, a "different, darker vibe" was taken on.[8] While recording Erotica, Madonna was also working on Sex; for the book, she incorporated a dominatrix alter-ego named Mistress Dita, heavily inspired by German actress Dita Parlo.[13] After seeing the book, Pettibone suggested that the singer incorporate the dominatrix theme into the song's lyrics: "'You have all these great stories [in the book]', I told her, 'Why don't you use them in the song?'".[7] Madonna left the studio with a copy of Sex with her, came back and recorded her vocals to "Erotica" in a "very dry" way; Pettibone then realized the song "would never be the same again".[7] The chorus and bridge were changed entirely and the song's "psyche" became "sexier, more to the point".[7]

"Some of the guys in the studio were asking if Madonna and me had done it — you know, had sex. I just started freestyling: I recorded one of the guys saying, 'Did you do it?' and then me saying, 'You know I did it'. Even though I didn't! [...] When she heard what I'd done, she laughed so hard she got tears in her eyes. A few days later, she called me and said she wanted the song on the album. I was like, 'No no no, Madonna, I'm not a rapper, I was just freestyling'. She put her manager on the phone and he explained that I was gonna get a very generous cut of the publishing. So I was like, OK, the song's on the record!".

—André Betts on "Did You Do It?".[12]

For "Deeper and Deeper", Madonna wanted to have a flamenco guitar in the middle, an idea Pettinbone disagreed with, but eventually gave in.[7] He later decided to add castanets to "really take it there".[8] According to Shimkin, while they were recording the song, Pettibone began singing some lines of "Vogue"; Madonna, who heard this and emulated it, liked the sound and decided to keep it.[8] She later explained: "When we were actually recording, doing the final vocals, I just went off into that for a second because ['Vogue'] to me it's just one of those great kind of feel good dance songs."[14] "Where Life Begins" was the first song for the album Madonna composed with André Betts, who was pleased with the song's explicit subject.[8][12] The singer and Betts also worked together on "Waiting", which samples her vocals from "Justify My Love", and thus was "an easy sell [to Madonna]".[12] During a break from recording, Shimkin and Pettibone went on vacation to the Cayman Islands and Jamaica, respectively. Having heard a lot of reggae on their trips inspired them to come up with the music to "Why's It So Hard".[12] "Did You Do It?" began as a joke; while Madonna was out, Betts began freestyling over the instrumental of "Waiting" after being asked if he'd ever been intimate with Madonna.[8] The singer liked the result and decided to keep the track on the album.[12]

"Fever"'s inclusion was a "happy accident".[9] Madonna and Pettibone were working on "Goodbye to Innocence", a house song that talks about "living at the center of a controversial media storm", but, according to the singer, "[it] just wasn't working [...] the vibe wasn't right".[15][16] When they decided to try and record the song one final time, Madonna started singing bits of Little Willie John's "Fever; she had previously attended a Peggy Lee concert, and her rendition of the song had "made a strong impression on [me]".[16] Pettibone liked how it sounded, and they decided to record a cover. The problem, however, was that neither knew the full lyrics.[7] Madonna called Seymour Stein from Sire Records and, "within an hour, we had the lyric sheets, the Peggy Lee version, and the original version of the song in our hands".[7] "Fever" was the last song to be recorded for Erotica.[6]

Composition

[edit]

Sounds and themes

[edit]

Author J. Randy Taraborrelli described Erotica as a "melting pot of nineties urban music ― burgeoning hip-hop and house, partnered with a more conventional synthesizer-based rhythm and blues".[17] It is a dance album that incorporates elements from classic disco, modern house, techno, and New Jack Swing.[5][18] Additionally, it marked a departure from the "four-on-the-floor disco romp that listeners came to expect from [Madonna]", focusing instead on "heavy, cold [...] difficult and unpleasant" themes such as homophobia, queerness, female sex and sexuality, "not only in the hottest moments of physical relationships, but in their darker, more intimate instances, particularly in relation to the growing AIDS crisis", as noted by the Portland Mercury's Jeni Wren Strottup.[19][20][21] It has been referred to as a concept album about looking for romance in a post-AIDS era.[22][18][23]

Music and lyrics

[edit]
"Jungle Boogie" (1973) by Kool & the Gang (left) and LL Cool J's (right) "Jingling Baby" (1990) are sampled in "Erotica" and "Bye Bye Baby", respectively.

Opening track "Erotica" is a pop hip-hop[24] dance[25] song with "scratchy, trip-hop loops" and Middle Eastern influences.[26][24] Described described by Pettibone as an "ode to S&M", the song continued Madonna's exploration of potent spoken-word vocals, which she had previously introduced in "Justify My Love", and samples Kool and the Gang's "Jungle Boogie" (1973), and "El Yom 'Ulliqa 'Ala Khashaba" by Lebanese singer Fairuz.[5][11] It begins with a "put-a-record-on scratchiness" sound that mimics a record player.[27] Madonna invites her lover to be submissive while she makes love to him, and suggesting him to explore boundaries between pain and pleasure, demanding: Give it up, do what I say/ Give it up and let me have my way.[28] Madonna's cover of "Fever" follows "Erotica"; it is an "apathetic house thumper" with "[her] airy deadpan [vocals] floating listlessly over the pulsing beats".[19] It removes the chord movement from the original and has additional lyrics about Pocahontas, marimbas, and finger snaps at certain parts.[29] Third track "Bye Bye Baby" is a techno pop song that samples LL Cool J's "Jingling Baby" (1990), and opens with Madonna stating, This is not a love song.[30][31][5] Her voice is filtered to sound like it’s being projected "through an old-fashioned Victrola", while the lyrics talk about taking control rather than exacting revenge on a domineering, mind-game-playing partner.[30] The track ends with an explosion and the singer saying you fucked it up, which is bleeped out.[29]

Noted for being the album's "pure disco" moment, "Deeper and Deeper" has a "thicker arrangement" than the rest of the songs.[23][29] Opening phrase When you know the notes to sing, you can sing most anything references "Do-Re-Mi" from The Sound of Music (1959).[32] Its lyrics talk about sexual desire, but Dan Cadan argued in his text in the liner notes of Madonna's 2001 compilation GHV2, that they are actually about a young man coming to terms with his homosexuality.[33][32] Also present are "a juxtaposition of swirling disco synths", a flamenco guitar, and castanets on its bridge.[5][8][29] Towards the end, it includes a line from "Vogue": Let your body move to the music.[29] Set to a "jazzy, juicy" groove, with lyrics about the "finger-licking good" pleasures of cunnilingus, "Where Life Begins" includes long sustained strings, and wah-wah guitars in its instrumentation.[34][29] Madonna sings that it's something every girl should experience.[31] Considered Erotica's "most overtly sexual track", it's the only one to reference safe sex: I’m glad you brought your raincoat/I think it’s beginning to rain.[5] The lyrics to sixth track "Bad Girl" talk, in the singer's own words, about a woman in a toxic relationship, trying to "distract herself from reality" through behaviors such as drinking and chain smoking.[35] This is reflected in the refrain: Bad girl, drunk by six/Kissing someone else's lips/Smoked too many cigarettes today/I’m not happy when I act this way.[36] Instrumentation is provided by swing piano and wind chimes, with Madonna singing some parts in a falsetto.[29] "Waiting" begins with the sound of a scratchy old vinyl before a sliding bass note.[29] It is a "brooding ballad noir" with spoken words, in which a scorned and defiant Madonna faces up to the lover who's broken her heart, and samples her own "Justify My Love";[30][5][12] lyrics include Don’t go breaking my heart like you said you would, and I wish I could believe you or at least have the courage to leave you.[30][5] It ends with the singer uttering the phrase The next time you want pussy, just look in the mirror, baby.[37]

Madonna performing "Why's It So Hard" (left) and "In This Life" (right) on the Girlie Show. The former has influences of reggae, while the latter was written as tribute to the friends the singer lost to HIV/AIDS.

"Thief of Hearts" is a "dark, rumbling" and "smug" track that echoes the Angels' "My Boyfriend's Back" (1963), and Blondie's "Rip Her to Shreds" (1977).[38][28][39] It opens with the sound of smashing glass, and sees Madonna using "tough hip-hop language" such as Bitch!/Which leg do you want me to break? to attack and ward off a "cuckolding" rival, referred to only as "Little Susie Ho-Maker".[28][39][37] Ninth track "Words" begins with an "atmospheric" G♯ chord, which is followed by the sound of drum machine.[40] Its "sharp" lyrics find the singer lashing back at a lover who "won her with romantic letters, then used the same verbal skills to manipulate and humiliate her";[28] also present in the song are "typewriter-esque effects", and Pettibone's "clattering programs and icy synth block-chords".[34][41][42] The next song is "Rain", which has been described as an "optimistic" New Age ballad, comparable to the work of Peter Gabriel.[30][43] It features two spoken parts, "thunder-claps of percussion", a crescendo towards the end, and lyrics that compare rain to the idea of being in love.[40][5]

In the reggae-infused "Why's It So Hard", Erotica's "vulnerable plea for solidarity", Madonna specifically asks: Why's it so hard to love one another?/What am I gonna do with all this anger/ Why do I have to fight?[28][39] It has a "heavy" bass line, a piano break, and a coda, where the artist sings the phrase before it's too late.[40] Twelfth track "In This Life" is a slow song with orchestral arrangements, that samples George Gershwin's blues lullaby "Prelude No. 2" (1926).[44] Madonna talks about the gay friends she has lost to AIDS, including Martin Burgoyne, her dance teacher and mentor Christopher Flynn, and artist Keith Haring.[44] Lines sung include, Have you ever watched your best friend die? [...] Someday I pray it will end/I hope it's in this life/I hope it's in this lifetime.[31] At one point, Madonna "bitterly" wonders, Who determines, who knows best?/Is there a lesson I'm supposed to learn? The song's drums have been likened to a doomsday Clock, and its refrain recalls that of the Beatles' 1965 song "In My Life".[38][40][5] Penultimate track "Did You Do It?" is a "raunchy" rap song, in which guest rappers Mark Goodman and Dave Murphy tell their "disbelieving friends" about their sexual conquest of Madonna, who sings and repeats the phrase waiting for you.[41][30][40] Closer "Secret Garden" features instrumentation from "shuffling drums, rolling bass and jazzy piano".[5][45] A "hymn to the singer’s vagina", its lyrics conjure up imagery of flowers, roses, thorns, lovers, and rainbows.[40][46]

Artwork and release

[edit]
Urban art in Athens, Greece inspired by the cover artwork of Erotica.

The artwork for Erotica was created by Steven Meisel, under the artistic direction of Baron & Baron Inc. —consisting of Fabien Baron and photographer Siung Fat Tjia— who also oversaw the packaging and design of Sex.[11][47] The cover follows the "same monochromatic blue-ink cover shot" that had been used on the book, and shows Madonna's "faded" face on a pale background.[48][49] Photographs used for Sex were also included on the album's booklet; one shows Madonna in S&M garb, wielding a riding crop and licking her arm; another one features her bound and gagged.[50] The backcover has the singer engaging in "foot worship - blissfully sucking on someone's big toe", as noted by J. Randy Taraborrelli.[50] According to the author, "one didn't really need to hear the music to understand Madonna's intention with Erotica. If the title itself wasn't a tip-off, the CD's cover artwork certainly made the point clear".[50] Mark Bego, in his book Madonna: Blonde Ambition, wasn't fond of the "off-putting" picture, and felt it was "a bit too much, even for her fans".[48] Billboard's Melinda Newman saw similarities between Erotica's artwork and that of the Darling Buds' album of the same name, which was released two weeks before Madonna's.[49] From This is Dig! Mark Elliott said it's one of Madonna's "most provocative" album covers.[51]

Erotica was released on October 20, 1992, through Madonna's Maverick label.[34][52] It was the singer's first release to bear the Parental Advisory label due to explicit content in tracks such as "Did You Do It?", and thus was banned in several Asian countries, such as China and Singapore.[30][31][53][54] Two versions of Erotica were released: a clean 13-track version that omits "Did You Do It?", and the complete 14-track version that bears the Parental Advisory label.[11][55]

Promotion

[edit]

On October 22, 1992, MTV aired a special called The Day in Madonna, hosted by Kurt Loder, which profiled the release of both Sex and Erotica. New York City's HMV music store held a Madonna look-alike contest, and set up a booth where people could view Sex for one dollar a minute. All the proceeds went to Lifebeat, the music industry organization founded to help fund AIDS research.[56]

Media appearances and tour

[edit]
Main article: The Girlie Show (Madonna)
Madonna performing lead single and title track "Erotica" as the opening number of the Girlie Show.

On January 16, 1993, Madonna appeared on late-night live television show Saturday Night Live and sang "Bad Girl" and "Fever".[57][58] The singer also appeared on the 1000th episode of The Arsenio Hall Show, and sang "Fever" in its original version. She also performed "The Lady Is a Tramp" (1937) alongside Anthony Kiedis; they wore matching skirts, stockings, leather vests, cat-ear caps and lipstick.[59] On September 2, 1993, Madonna opened the MTV Video Music Awards with a Burlesque-themed performance of "Bye Bye Baby". The "risqué" number saw the singer in a tailcoat and top hat, with three scantily clad women, and included "stroked inner-thighs, spanks, [and] frottage".[60][61][62]

Erotica was further promoted on the Girlie Show, Madonna's fourth concert tour.[63] Seen as an attempt to "revive" her musical career after the critical and commercial failure of Body of Evidence, an erotic thriller which she starred, it began in London on September 25, 1993, and ended in Tokyo on December 19.[63][64] It was initially planned not to visit the United States, instead focusing on regions the singer had never toured before, such as Turkey, Israel, Mexico, Puerto Rico, South America and Australia. However, due to demand, some shows were booked in certain US cities.[65] Madonna opened the show dressed as a dominatrix surrounded by topless dancers, while lighter moments included her descending from the ceiling on a giant disco ball wearing an Afro wig for "Express Yourself" (1989), as well as singing "Like a Virgin" (1984) in the guise of actress Marlene Dietrich.[66][67][68] The tour received generally positive reviews from critics, and was commercially successful, with a gross of $70 million from 39 concerts.[69][70][71] Several organizations in different countries protested to force the cancellation of the concerts, due to their explicit sexual nature. In Puerto Rico, Madonna passed the island's flag between her legs on stage, resulting in outrage among Puerto Rican society;[72] Orthodox Jews staged protests to force the cancellation of the concerts in Tel Aviv to no avail.[72]

Singles

[edit]
Madonna singing second single "Deeper and Deeper" during 2015–2016's Rebel Heart Tour. The track peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100.

In Australia and most European countries, title track "Erotica" was released as the album's lead single on September 29, 1992;[73] in the United States, it was released on October 13.[74] It was met with generally positive reviews from critics, with some deeming it one of Madonna's darkest and most experimental songs.[75][76] It performed well commercially, debuting at number 13 on the US Billboard Hot 100―becoming one of the highest debuts on the chart history at the time―and peaking at number three.[77][78] It also saw success on the Hot Dance Club Play chart, where it reached the top position.[79] Its accompanying music video was directed by Fabien Baron, and features scenes of Madonna dressed as a masked dominatrix interspersed with footage of the making of Sex;[18][80] it was highly controversial, being aired by MTV only three times, all after the 10pm watershed, before being completely banned.[81]

"Deeper and Deeper" was issued in Australia and Europe as second single on November 17, whereas in the US, the release date was December 8.[82][83] Critics lauded it for being more dance-oriented than "Erotica", with some comparing it to the work of Donna Summer.[8][31] It fared well commercially, reaching the seventh spot of the Billboard Hot 100.[78][84] The music video was directed by Bobby Woods, and was seen as a homage to American artist Andy Warhol and Italian director Luchino Visconti; Madonna plays a character based on Edie Sedgwick, who goes out to a nightclub to meet her friends and boyfriend.[85][86]

Erotica's third single was "Bad Girl"; like its predecessors, it was first published in Australia and Europe on February 2, 1993.[87] In the United States, it was released one month later with "Fever" as B-side.[88] Critics reacted positively towards the track, with some noting a departure from Madonna's highly sexual image of the time.[89] The song had a lukewarm reception on the charts: it became Madonna's first single to not reach the top 30 or top 20 of the Hot 100, breaking a streak of 27 consecutive top 20 singles that began with "Holiday" (1983) and ended with "Deeper and Deeper".[90] "Bad Girl"'s music video was directed by David Fincher; in it, Madonna plays Louise Oriole, a successful but promiscuous Manhattan businesswoman who engages in one-night stands with multiple men, until one of them murders her.[91][92] The clip was acclaimed by critics, who deemed it one of Madonna's best.[93][94]

"Fever" was released as the album's fourth single outside North America on March 28, 1993.[95] Despite not being published as an official single in the US, "Fever" reached the top spot of Billboard's Hot Dance Club Play chart.[79] In the United Kingdom, it reached the chart's sixth position.[96] The song received generally positive to mixed reviews from critics; Madonna's vocal performance was compared both positively and negatively to that of Lee's.[30][97] The music video was directed by Stéphane Sednaoui, and was Madonna's first to use chroma key.[98] In Australia and most European countries "Rain" was released as Erotica's fifth single on July 17, 1993.[99] In the US, it was the fourth and final single, released on August 5.[100] Critics referred to "Rain" as one of the best songs in Erotica, and one of Madonna's best ballads.[31][101][93] In the visual, directed by Mark Romanek, Madonna is seen during a film shoot, with Japanese composer Ryuichi Sakamoto playing the director alongside a Japanese film crew.[102] "Rain" peaked at number 14 on US Hot 100, and at 7 on the UK.[78][96] The sixth and final single was "Bye Bye Baby", released only in Australia on November 15, 1993, to coincide with Madonna's visit to the country with the Girlie Show.[103][104] It reached the chart's 15th spot.[103]

Critical reception

[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[105]
Blender[106]
Chicago Sun-Times[107]
Entertainment WeeklyC+[108]
Los Angeles Times[109]
Q[97]
Rolling Stone[23]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide[110]
Slant Magazine[5]
The Village VoiceA[111]

Upon release, Erotica was generally well received by critics. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine said it was an "ambitious" album, that contains "some of Madonna's best and most accomplished music".[105] To the staff of Billboard, "La M's first studio outing since 1989's Like a Prayer [...] is her most varied and creatively challenging collection to date".[112] Also from Billboard, Larry Flick from pointed out that, "cute ditties like 'Cherish' and 'Material Girl' are replaced by intelligent, pensive tunes and tough, dance/hip-hop jams [...] [Erotica] comes across like a conscious return to club-land, where [Madonna's] roots lie".[113] The Quietus' Matthew Barton added that, "[Erotica] takes Like a Prayer's ‘full-length piece of art’ modus operandi [...] to the next level with supreme confidence. It’s an intoxicating cocktail of house, samples, jazz, [and] trip-hop [...] pretty resolutely uncommercial in comparison to the sort of song that propelled [Madonna] to stratospheric levels of stardom in the mid-1980s".[114] Robert Christgau noted that, although "[Madonna] doesn't have great pipes [...] she doesn't need them. She's in control [...] The lyrics [in Erotica] are not stupid".[111] From The Independent, Giles Smith also applauded the singer's voice; "we're used to hearing it doubled and tripled, thickened with repetitions of itself and then pasted in a shiny layer across the top of the song. [In Erotica], you generally hear her sing unsupported [...] it somehow takes on a spotlit, cabaret feel".[101]

J. D. Considine, from The Baltimore Sun, stated that the most surprising thing on the songs is that they find Madonna singing about love, not sex.[38] From The Washington Post, Richard Harrington added that, while some of the album's songs are "likely to be recast in their meaning by sexually suggestive videos", Erotica as a whole "is more concerned with the pain and torment of the heart and the perils of romance".[30] Phil Sutcliffe gave three stars in a review for Q, writing: "The substance [of Erotica] resides in a range of straight-talking, almost intimate songs based, not on an idea about sex, but on experience of relationships".[97] From online magazine Renowned for Sound, Andrew Le wrote: "Madonna’s weary, husky and rough vocals on Erotica are nothing like the polished, radio-friendly vocals on previous albums. However, they accentuate [its] rawness and stark reality".[45] In a retrospective review in Blender, Tony Power concluded: "That female artists (except Millie Jackson) never come on this strongly makes Erotica shocking and, well, arousing".[106]

Mark Elliott from website This is Dig! said that, although 1990's I'm Breathless was Madonna's first concept album, Erotica is the "more noble of the pair".[22] Matthew Rettenmund, author of Encyclopedia Madonnica, deemed it Madonna's best, and J. Randy Taraborrelli her "most promiscuous".[39][17] According to Daryl Easley, In his book Madonna: Blond Ambition, Erotica showcases the continuation of Madonna's "musical maturity".[115] For Joseph Earp from Australian website Junkee, Erotica shows the singer "at her most naked, physically and otherwise".[116] Even though it doesn't have "as many stand out single tracks, due to its strong focus on its prime concepts and cohesion, [Erotica] is an incredibly solid and consistent listen", wrote WhatCulture's Reece Shrewsbury.[117] The Daily Telegraph's James Hall opined that, despite not being Madonna's best work and lacking the "joy of True Blue, the pop perfection of Like a Prayer and the stately style of Ray of Light", Erotica is a "venturous epic that was eclipsed by the audacity of the idea that spawned it".[46] For The Buffalo News' Anthony Violanti, it is a "remarkable and engrossing album laced with tight, funky dance beats and some surprisingly moving songs"; however, he ended his review on a somewhat critical note: "There is much to admire [about Erotica] [...] [Its] greatest failure —as usual— is that Madonna's sexual obsessions obscure the music".[31] Similarly, MTV's Kyle Anderson felt that, "because the content is so obsessed with sex, the music on Erotica often gets short shrift".[18] To the staff of The Advocate, while "not as bad as the Sex book", Erotica still comes off as "overindulgent".[118] In the same vein, Mark Bego expressed that, just like Sex, Erotica's content is "artistic yet suggestive, some of it is genuinely sexy, and some of it is lewd and musically unappealing".[48]

In more mixed reviews, Stephen Holden from The New York Times said the album is not among Madonna's best, as its "hip-hop ditties lack the musical breadth and confessional poignancy of Like a Prayer, the record that established [her] as a mature pop songwriter".[28] Priya Elan from NME expressed that, "ditching Patrick Leonard for Shep Pettiborn [sic] was a bold move that didn't wholly pay off. The hard house beats of Erotica may have reflected the sexually explicit lyrically content brilliantly on tracks like 'Deeper And Deeper' and 'Thief Of Hearts', but over a whole album it seemed a bit much".[119] Negative criticism came from the Sun-Sentinel, where Barbara Walker dismissed Erotica as a "somewhat sad, often tuneless and surprisingly unsexy assortment of club-inspired dance jams and gauzey recitation [...] a merely mediocre set loaded with just enough rootless shock value to rile her critics [...] [It] is left to rest virtually on overt sexual fantasy, a topic Madonna has mined publicly and endlessly".[120] Tom Ford, from the Toledo Blade, described the album as a "strange concoction of recycled Madonna music [...] worn material that has been repackaged".[121] Charlotte Robinson from PopMatters referred to Erotica as "the first disappointment of [Madonna's] seemingly enchanted career".[122] Richard Harrington was also disappointed with the album, likening it to a number from Bob Fosse's All That Jazz (1979), in which "dancers-as-nearly-naked stewards and stewardesses say, as they explore all manner of sexual coupling before a small, shocked audience of potential investors, 'Our motto is we take you everywhere but get you nowhere'".[30] Both Entertainment Weekly's David Browne and Slant Magazine's Sal Cinquemani reacted negatively towards Madonna's vocals: the former deemed them "soulless", and the latter "nasal and remote".[108][5] Browned panned the album as "the most joyless dance music ever made".[108]

Commercial performance

[edit]
The Chase by Garth Brooks (picture) kept Erotica from the Billboard 200's first spot.

In the United States, Erotica debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 on November 7, 1992, with first week sales of 167,000 copies.[123][124] The Chase by Garth Brooks kept it from the top spot; Erotica was Madonna's first studio album since her 1983 debut to not top the chart.[125][53] The next week, the album dropped to the chart's fourth spot.[53] In January 1993, it was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of two million units.[126] According to Nielsen SoundScan, Erotica has sold 1.91 million copies in the United States as of December 2016, along with 79,000 sold through BMG Music Clubs.[127][128] In Canada, Erotica debuted on the seventh spot of the RPM Albums Chart on November 7, 1992; it peaked at number four on November 21, and was present for a total of 38 weeks on the chart, and was certified two times platinum by Music Canada (MC) for shipments of 200,000 copies.[129][130][131] In Argentina, the album received four-times platinum from the Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videograma (CAPIF) for shipments of 240,000 copies.[132] Similarly in Mexico, Erotica achieved sales of 250,000 units according to Billboard.[133] The album received a gold certification from Pro-Música Brasil, denoting shipments of 100,000 units.[134] Sales in Brazil stand at 180,000 copies, as of October 1993.[135]

Across Europe, Erotica sold 1.5 million copies in its first week, and reached the top of the European Top 100 Albums chart.[136][137] In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart on October 24, 1992. It peaked and remained in that spot for three weeks, being held off the top by Simple Minds' greatest hits collection Glittering Prize 81/92, and a total of 38 weeks on the chart.[96] The album was certified two times platinum on June 1, 1993, by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 600,000 copies.[138] In France, the album debuted at number one on the French Albums Chart on October 28, 1992, staying there for two weeks, then descending down the chart, selling a total of 250,000 copies by May 1993.[139][140] In Germany, the album reached the top five on the Media Control Charts and was certified gold for shipments of 250,000 copies.[141][142] In Italy, Erotica sold 250,000 copies in its presales.[143] In Sweden, the album debuted in its peak of number six and spent only seven weeks on the chart.[144] Similarly in Switzerland, Erotica peaked number five and was certified gold by IFPI Switzerland.[145] It also received a platinum certification in Spain and sold 150,000 units there as of 1993.[146][147] 350 copies were sold in Iceland during November 1992.[148]

In Australia, the album entered the ARIA chart at number 159,[149] before climbing to number one in its second week, and was certified triple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 210,000 copies.[150] It also reached the top five on the New Zealand Albums Chart.[151] Erotica reached a peak of number five on the Japan Oricon Albums Chart, and received a double platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipping 400,000 copies.[152][153] At the 7th annual Japan Gold Disc Awards, Madonna was awarded the RIAJ's Artist of the Year with sales totaling ¥844 million throughout the year, an equivalent of $6.5 million ($13.71 million in 2023 dollars)[154][155] Erotica was honored as 1993's Top Selling English Album by Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK).[156] Initial shipments of the album in Singapore were of 20,000 units, but quickly managed to sell 37,000 copies and became Warner Music's best-selling album of 1992 in Singapore.[53][157] In total, Erotica has sold more than six million copies worldwide.[21]

Legacy

[edit]
See also: Madonna and sexuality, Feminism of Madonna, and Cultural impact of Madonna

Erotica has been referred to as one of Madonna's best and most important albums.[158][159][160] In 2017, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame considered it one of the most revolutionary albums of all time, writing that, "few women artists, before or since Erotica, have been so outspoken about their fantasies and desires. [Madonna] made it clear that shame and sexuality are mutually exclusive [...] [Erotica] remains one of the boldest expressions of female sexuality".[161] Kurt Loder added that, although she wasn't the first female artist to "exploit sexiness", with Erotica and Sex, Madonna "set a template for what women could get away with".[162] Influence of Erotica can be seen in the work of contemporary female artists such as Britney Spears, Beyoncé, Janet Jackson, Christina Aguilera, Lady Gaga, Nicki Minaj, Miley Cyrus, Ariana Grande, Lana Del Rey, Cardi B, and Kim Petras.[21][162][163][164] With the album, Joe Lynch from Billboard held that Madonna "set the blueprint for singers to get raw", while for Chuck Arnold it "forever sexed-up pop music".[34][8] USA Today's Edward Segarra felt it "helped expand female expression, usher in 'confessional' style".[162] Similarly, Reece Shrewsbury deemed it "a huge step for women's sexual liberation".[117]

"Erotica was the start of Madonna's newest era of being honest and true to her womanhood, counterpointed by the release of a companion book, Sex [...] While it marks the end of the pinnacle of her fame, it set the stage for empowered pop artists like Beyoncé and Britney, de-stigmatizing the bedroom and expanding the possibilities for women in pop. [Erotica] lives today as a reminder of the true fearlessness that made Madonna an icon".

—Jeni Wren Strottup commenting on the album and its influence.[20]

According to Taraborrelli, at the time of Erotica's release, "much of society seemed to reexamining its sexuality. Gay rights issues were at the forefront of social discussions globally, as was an ever-increasing awareness of AIDS".[165] In this vein, Eric Henderson from Slant Magazine referred to it as a record that "[r]evealed a full understanding of the bipolarity of the gay experience circa AIDS".[166] Attitude's Joseph Ryan-Hicks concluded that, "although Erotica was provocative, at its core were messages of safe sex and liberation at a time when people needed to hear them the most".[167] Through the album, Madonna was able to advocate for AIDS awareness and help bring the epidemic into the public discourse, according to Stereogum's Mary Von Aue.[168] From the Evening Standard, El Hunt wrote: "Both Erotica and Sex came out at a time when certain kinds of sex –specifically queer sex– were steeped in debilitating amounts of shame and fear [...] By putting forward a vision of sexual exploration that often feels cold, detached, and uneasy, Madonna flawlessly captured the emotional disconnect of searching out an intimacy that has suddenly become deadly".[158] Sal Cinquemani elaborated:

By 1992, Madonna was an icon —untouchable, literally and figuratively— and Erotica was the first time the artist's music took on a decidedly combative, even threatening tone, and most people didn't want to hear it. [Erotica's] irrefutable unsexiness probably says more about the sex=death mentality of the early '90s than any other musical document of its time. This is not Madonna at her creative zenith. This is Madonna at her most important, at her most relevant. No one else in the mainstream at that time dared to talk about sex, love, and death with such frankness and fearlessness.[5]

Erotica was named "one of the biggest affronts to white, Christian, middle-class America ever to appear in pop music" by the staff of Gay Times.[169] Its biggest achievement, according to Rolling Stone's Barry Walters, is "the embrace of the Other, which in this case means queerness, blackness, third-wave feminism, exhibitionism and kink. Madonna took what was marginalized at the worst of the AIDS epidemic, placed it in an emancipated context, and shoved it into the mainstream for all to see and hear".[21] Joe Lynch concluded: "If her earlier work was an invitation to celebrate sexuality without shame, Erotica was a challenge [...] to witness and perhaps even indulge in society’s sexual taboos. Madonna may have addressed the male gaze before, but on Erotica, she wasn’t just staring back – she was making the world her sub".[8] Brian McNair, the author of Striptease Culture: Sex, Media and the Democratization of Desire, stated that upon the album's release, "academic books began to appear about the 'Madonna phenomenon', while pro- and anti-porn feminists made of her a symbol of all that was good or bad (depending on their viewpoint) about contemporary sexual culture".[170]

According to Slant Magazine, "no Madonna album was ever met with a louder backlash or was more rampantly misrepresented" than Erotica.[171] Taraborrelli commented that it is unfortunate that the album has to be historically linked to other "less memorable ventures" in the singer's career, such as Sex and Body of Evidence, as it has "true value".[165] When asked to name her biggest professional disappointment, Madonna answered: "The fact that my Erotica album was overlooked because of the whole thing with the [Sex] book. It just got lost in all that. I think there's some brilliant songs on it and people didn't give it a chance".[114] Writing for Stylus Magazine, Alfred Soto felt Erotica "proved too sophisticated for a mainstream besotted with The Bodyguard and a college-radio claque eager to praise R.E.M.'s opaque dirges".[42] This sentiment was echoed by Reece Shrewsbury, who added that the general public "just wasn't ready to see a pop star who once had a clean image in such provocative positions".[117] Musician Doug Wimbish referred to Erotica as "ahead of its time", and applauded Madonna for being "enough of an artist to take the hues and shades of what's happening and put a concept together [...] She had Maverick, she'd done the [Sex] book, the film Dick Tracy, she dated a big-ass Hollywood actor (Warren Beatty). [Erotica] was her first record with her concept. She turned the system upside down for a moment, and they had to deal with the shock and awe of it all".[172] Brian McNair added that, by "dabbling in the pornosphere" with Sex and Erotica, Madonna took a financial risk with her career, and it wasn't until the release of 1998's Ray of Light that her record sales went back to "pre-Erotica" levels; nonetheless, the author concluded that, "what she lost in royalty payments, [she] more than made up for in iconic status and cultural influence".[170] From music portal Albumism, Justin Chadwick wrote: "Erotica was, is, and will forever be a fearlessly fierce album that only Madonna could make. No one has ever come close to replicating it and no one ever will".[173]

Track listing

[edit]
Erotica track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."Erotica"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
5:20
2."Fever"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
5:00
3."Bye Bye Baby"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
  • Shimkin
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
3:56
4."Deeper and Deeper"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
  • Shimkin
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
5:33
5."Where Life Begins"
  • Madonna
  • Andre Betts
  • Madonna
  • Betts
5:57
6."Bad Girl"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
  • Shimkin
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
5:23
7."Waiting"
  • Madonna
  • Betts
  • Madonna
  • Betts
5:46
8."Thief of Hearts"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
  • Shimkin
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
4:51
9."Words"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
  • Shimkin
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
5:55
10."Rain"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
5:25
11."Why's It So Hard"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
  • Shimkin
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
5:23
12."In This Life"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
6:23
13."Did You Do It?"
  • Madonna
  • Betts
  • Madonna
  • Betts
4:54
14."Secret Garden"
  • Madonna
  • Betts
  • Madonna
  • Betts
5:32
Total length:75:24

Notes[11][55]

  • The clean version of the album does not include "Did You Do It?".
  • Mark Goodman and Dave Murphy are credited for "special guest appearances" on "Did You Do It?".
  • "Erotica" samples "Jungle Boogie" (1973), recorded by Kool and the Gang, and written by Robert Earl Bell, Ronald Nathan Bell, Donald Boyce, George Melvin Brown, Robert Spike Mickens, Claydes Charles Smith, Clifford Adams and Dennis Thomas. It also samples "El Yom 'Ulliqa 'Ala Khashaba", performed by Fairuz.
  • Anthony Shimkin has been officially added by ASCAP as a co-writer to "Erotica", "Bye Bye Baby", "Bad Girl", "Thief of Hearts", "Words", and "Why's It So Hard". Inlay notes to the album do not include this. Shimkin was only allowed to add his credit to one composition on the album; he originally chose "Deeper and Deeper".[174]
  • "Fever" contains lyrics written and rearranged by singer Peggy Lee, who remains uncredited for her contribution.[175]

Formats

[edit]
  • CD, vinyl, cassette, and Digital Compact Cassette – explicit version, comes with a Parental Advisory label. The vinyl was reissued in 2012 and 2016 by Warner Bros. Records with a different catalog number.[11][176]
  • CD, vinyl, and cassette – 13-track clean version that omits the track "Did You Do It?".[55]
  • Limited Australian tour edition – explicit version. Australian digipak edition released in November 1993 to commemorate Madonna's first visit to the country as part of the Girlie Show tour.[177]

Credits

[edit]

Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.[11]

Musicians

[edit]
  • Madonna – vocals
  • Dave Murphy – guest vocals
  • Mark Goodman – guest vocals
  • André Betts – synthesizer, bass, piano, strings, drums, keyboard, synthesizer strings
  • Shep Pettibone – keyboard
  • Donna De Lory and Niki Haris – background vocals
  • Anton Fig – drums
  • Jerome Dickens – guitar
  • Paul Pesco – guitar
  • Doug Wimbish – bass
  • Glen Dicterow – conductor, concertmaster
  • James Preston – piano, keyboard, synthesizer strings
  • Danny Wilensky – saxophone
  • Jeremy Lublock – string arrangements

Composition and production

[edit]
  • Madonna – composition, production
  • Shep Pettibone – production, engineering, sequencing
  • André Betts – production
  • Eddie Cooley – composition
  • John Davenport – composition
  • Emile Charlap – contractor
  • Mark Goodman – assistant engineer
  • Joe Moskowitz – programming
  • Tony Shimkin – programming
  • Mike Farrell – engineer
  • Robin Hancock – engineer, mixing
  • George Karras – engineer
  • P. Dennis Mitchell – engineer
  • Ted Jensen – mastering
  • Sander Selover – programming

Design

[edit]
  • Siung Fat Tjia – art direction, design
  • Steven Meisel – photography

Charts

[edit]

Certifications and sales

[edit]
Certifications and sales for Erotica
Region Certification Certified units/sales
Argentina (CAPIF)[132] 4× Platinum 240,000^
Australia (ARIA)[150] 3× Platinum 210,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[206] Gold 25,000*
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[134] Gold 180,000[135]
Canada (Music Canada)[131] 2× Platinum 200,000^
France — 250,000[139]
Germany (BVMI)[142] Gold 250,000^
Israel — 10,000[207]
Italy — 250,000[a]
Japan (RIAJ)[153] 2× Platinum 400,000^
Malaysia — 25,000[208]
Mexico — 250,000[133]
Netherlands (NVPI)[209] Gold 50,000^
Singapore — 40,000[157]
South Africa (RISA)[210] Gold 25,000*
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[146][136] Platinum 150,000[147]
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[145] Gold 25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[138] 2× Platinum 600,000^
United States (RIAA)[126] 2× Platinum 1,989,000[128][127]
Summaries
Europe — 1,500,000[136]
Worldwide — 6,000,000[21]

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Figures based in presales.[143]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Harrington, Richard (April 21, 1992). "Madonna teams up with Time Warner for $60 million". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  2. ^ a b Holden, Stephen (April 20, 1992). "Madonna makes a $60 million deal". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2023.(subscription required)
  3. ^ a b Carpenter, Teresa (September 13, 1992). "THE NEW SEASON/POP MUSIC; Madonna's doctor of spin". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  4. ^ a b Lindores, Mark (September 12, 2023). "Classic Album: Madonna – Erotica". Classic Pop. Archived from the original on September 21, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Cinquemani, Sal (February 24, 2007). "Review: Madonna, Erotica". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  6. ^ a b Flick, Larry (November 28, 1992). "The men behind Madonna's Erotica" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 104, no. 48. p. 22. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Pettibone, Shep. "Erotica Diaries". Official Shep Pettibone website. Archived from the original on June 27, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lynch, Joe (October 20, 2017). "Madonna's Erotica turns 25: An oral history of the most controversial '90s pop album". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
  9. ^ a b Cannon, Bob (November 6, 1992). "Making tracks". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
  10. ^ Bego 2000, p. 96
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Madonna (1992). Erotica (Liner notes). Maverick Records. 9362-45031-2.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Levine, Nick (October 20, 2017). "An oral story: Madonna's Erotica by the people who helped create it". i-D. Vice Media. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
  13. ^ Guilbert 2002, p. 122
  14. ^ Bates, Simon (October 14, 1992). BBC Radio 1. London. 7 minutes in. 104.8. We definitely did that at the end, I've written that song and ...
  15. ^ Flick, Larry (July 23, 1993). "Dance Trax" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 30. p. 28. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  16. ^ a b Flick, Larry (June 26, 1993). "They're playing my song!" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 105, no. 26. p. 24. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  17. ^ a b Taraborrelli 2002, p. 228
  18. ^ a b c d Anderson, Kyle (October 20, 2010). "Madonna gets kinky with Erotica: Wake-up video". MTV. Archived from the original on February 14, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  19. ^ a b Piatkowski, Peter (October 21, 2022). "Blond Contrition: Madonna's musical response to the 1990s culture war". PopMatters. Archived from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  20. ^ a b Stottrup, Jeni Wren (October 14, 2015). "Madonna's misunderstood Erotica". Portland Mercury. Archived from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  21. ^ a b c d e Walters, Barry (October 19, 2017). "Madonna's Erotica, Sex: Why musical masterpiece, defiant book still matter". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  22. ^ a b Elliott, Mark (October 20, 2021). "Erotica: How Madonna's playful teased climaxed in all-out provocation". This is Dig!. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  23. ^ a b c Berger, Arion (November 26, 1992). "Home > Music >Album reviews > Erotica". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2023.(subscription required)
  24. ^ a b Flick, Larry (October 10, 1992). "Single Reviews: Madonna, 'Erotica'" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 104, no. 41. p. 78. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
  25. ^ Virtel, Louis (March 2, 2013). "The 100 greatest Madonna songs". The Backlot. Archived from the original on October 20, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
  26. ^ Nissim, Mayer (August 15, 2018). "Madonna at 60: Queen of Pop's 60 best singles ranked". PinkNews. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
  27. ^ "The 100 best singles of the 1990s". Slant Magazine. January 10, 2011. Archived from the original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  28. ^ a b c d e f Holden, Stephen (October 18, 1992). "RECORDINGS VIEW; Selling Sex and (Oh, Yes) a Record". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h Rooksby 2004, pp. 39–41
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Harrington, Richard (October 21, 1992). "The Madonna Pornucopia". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g Violanti, Anthony (October 20, 1992). "Too much sex weakens Madonna's latest Erotica". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  32. ^ a b Madonna (2001). GHV2 (Liner notes). Warner Bros. 9362-48000-2.
  33. ^ Lenig 2010, p. 144
  34. ^ a b c d Arnold, Chuck (October 20, 2022). "Madonna's Erotica album at 30: Every song ranked from worst to best". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 20, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  35. ^ White, Adam (November 6, 2020). "From Madonna to Mank: Why David Fincher's greatest film is an erotic pop music video". The Independent. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  36. ^ Wass, Mike (April 4, 2020). "Should have been bigger: Madonna's gloomy 'Bad Girl'". Idolator. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  37. ^ a b Sears, Stephen (October 19, 2012). "Madonna's Erotica Turns 20: Backtracking". Idolator. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  38. ^ a b c Considine, J.D. (October 18, 1992). "Madonna's Erotica delivers more than just sexuality". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  39. ^ a b c d Rettenmund 1995, pp. 56–57
  40. ^ a b c d e f Rooksby 2004, pp. 42–44
  41. ^ a b Myers, John (April 9, 2009). "Classic 90's Music Reviews: Madonna's Erotica". Yahoo! Voices. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  42. ^ a b Soto, Alfred (January 17, 2006). "On second thought: Madonna - Erotica". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on May 30, 2006. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  43. ^ Zaleski, Annie (April 19, 2016). "Madonna's 'Rain' established her as a sensual New Age goddess". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  44. ^ a b Murrian, Samuel R. (December 2, 2018). "This classic Madonna track is a song for World AIDS Day". Instinct. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  45. ^ a b Le, Andrew (December 1, 2020). "Record Rewind: Madonna – Erotica". Renowned for Sound. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  46. ^ a b Hall, James (October 20, 2022). "Erotica at 30: why Madonna was overshadowed by her own 'pornographic' book". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on October 20, 2022. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  47. ^ Miller, Abbot J. (1995). "Reputations: Fabien Baron". Eye. 18 (5). Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  48. ^ a b c Bego 2000, pp. 285–287
  49. ^ a b Newman, Melinda (October 24, 1992). "Buds' 'Erotica' doubles the pleasure; Frampton, Floyd 'Shine On', Stamp-ede" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 104, no. 43. p. 17. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  50. ^ a b c Taraborrelli 2018
  51. ^ Elliott, Mark (May 30, 2021). "Madonna album covers: All 14 studio artworks, ranked and reviewed". This is Dig!. Archived from the original on May 30, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  52. ^ "Erotica". Icon: Official Madonna website. Archived from the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  53. ^ a b c d Leo, Christie; Grein, Paul (November 14, 1992). "Madonna, Sinead sets not up to snuff in Singapore / Bolton Bounds; Heights Reach Pinnacle" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 104, no. 46. pp. 45 and 94. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  54. ^ Schwankert, Steven (April 5, 2003). "Bond, Stones fall foul of Chinese censors" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 115, no. 14. p. 47. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  55. ^ a b c Madonna (1992). Erotica (Liner notes). Maverick Records. W2 45154.
  56. ^ Anderson, Reckhenrich & Kupp 2011, p. 109
  57. ^ Tropiano 2013, p. 435
  58. ^ "Madonna performs 'Fever' and 'Bad Girl' on Saturday Night Live". Icon: Official Madonna website. Archived from the original on January 9, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
  59. ^ Willman, Chris (May 15, 1993). "POP MUSIC REVIEW : Madonna Bowls Over Arsenio's Show : Looking like a cross between Barbara Stanwyck and Bette Davis, she steams up the comic's Hollywood Bowl taping with 'Fever' and 'The Lady Is a Tramp'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
  60. ^ "MTV VMAs: Highlights". MTV. Archived from the original on September 23, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  61. ^ Bowles, Jennifer (September 3, 1993). "Pearl Jam takes leading honors". The Daily Union. p. 7. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  62. ^ "20 Best MTV VMAs opening performances". Rolling Stone. August 22, 2014. Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  63. ^ a b Logan, Joe (July 9, 1993). "Madonna's got a Girlie act to show off to the world". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  64. ^ Sholin, Dave (August 6, 1993). "That's Sho-Biz" (PDF). Gavin Report (1986): 9–10. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  65. ^ "The Validator". Icon. 13 (12): 28. 1993.
  66. ^ Borzillo-Vrenna 2008, p. 55
  67. ^ Kaye, Jeff (September 27, 1993). "The Blue Material Girl : Pop music: Madonna's lusty 'Girlie Show' tour opens in London to cheers of 72,000 fans". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 26, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2023.(Subscription required.)
  68. ^ Farber, Jim (September 27, 1993). "Madonna's 'Girlie Show' more of her usual frills". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved December 14, 2023.(Subscription required.)
  69. ^ Duffy, Thom (October 9, 1993). "Artists in Action: Madonna U.N.V" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 105, no. 41. p. 20. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  70. ^ Corliss, Richard (July 21, 2008). "Madonna Goes To Camp". Time. Archived from the original on November 29, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  71. ^ Lenig 2010, p. 145
  72. ^ a b Smith, Neil (May 24, 2004). "Show-stealer Madonna on tour". BBC. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
  73. ^ Citations regarding the Australian and European release date of the "Erotica" single:
  74. ^ Flick, Larry (October 3, 1992). "Madonna, R.E.M. power heavy release slate" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 104, no. 40. p. 12. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 8, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  75. ^ Promis, Jose F. (1992). "Madonna > "Erotica" > Overview". AllMusic. Archived from the original on June 17, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  76. ^ Wass, Mike (April 19, 2019). "From 'Everybody' to "'Medellín', Madonna's lead singles ranked". Idolator. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  77. ^ Bronson, Fred (September 16, 1995). "Janet Jackson has done it again" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 37. p. 96. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 8, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
  78. ^ a b c Caulfield, Keith (August 16, 2017). "Madonna's 40 biggest Billboard hits". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
  79. ^ a b Murray, Gordon (February 13, 2020). "Madonna achieves milestone 50th no. 1 on Dance Club Songs chart with 'I Don't Search I Find'". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  80. ^ Metz & Benson 1999, pp. 17–18
  81. ^ "Too hot for MTV: 10 Music videos that got banned". Billboard. December 22, 2010. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  82. ^ Citations regarding the Australian and European release date of the "Deeper and Deeper" single:
  83. ^ "Madonna.com > Discography > "Deeper and Deeper"". Icon: Official Madonna website. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  84. ^ "Madonna - Deeper and Deeper". Top 40 Singles. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  85. ^ Bret 2015, p. 110
  86. ^ Guilbert 2002, pp. 69–70
  87. ^ Citations regarding the Australian and European release date of the "Bad Girl" single:
  88. ^ "Madonna.com > Discography > "Bad Girl"". Icon: Official Madonna website. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  89. ^ Metz & Benson 1999, p. 19
  90. ^ Bronson, Fred (April 3, 1993). "Charles in charge with new R&B single" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 105, no. 14. p. 114. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  91. ^ Syed, Raza (January 10, 2016). "The Cinematic History of Madonna and David Fincher". Vice. Archived from the original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
  92. ^ Guilbert 2002, p. 132
  93. ^ a b Papa, Rocco (July 30, 2019). "The 10 best Madonna music videos of all-time". The Odyssey. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
  94. ^ Murrian, Samuel (August 16, 2018). "We ranked Madonna's 20 greatest music videos—Happy birthday to the queen of pop!". Parade. Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
  95. ^ "Madonna.com > Discography > "Fever"". Icon: Official Madonna website. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  96. ^ a b c d "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  97. ^ a b c Sutcliffe, Phil (December 1992). "Madonna: Erotica". Q (75): 121.
  98. ^ "Express Yourself: The making of Madonna's 20 greatest music videos". Rolling Stone. February 25, 2014. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  99. ^ Citations regarding the Australian and European release date of the "Rain" single:
  100. ^ "Madonna.com > Discography > "Rain"". Icon: Official Madonna website. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  101. ^ a b Smith, Giles (October 14, 1992). "REVIEW / Stripped down to basics: Giles Smith takes a peek at Erotica, Madonna's new album - Plus the rest of the week's new albums". The Independent. Archived from the original on August 4, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  102. ^ Romanek, Mark (2005). The Work of Director Mark Romanek (Documentary DVD). New York: Palm Pictures. OCLC 61717830.
  103. ^ a b "Madonna - Bye Bye Baby". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Archived from the original on September 19, 2007. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  104. ^ "Madonna.com > Discography > "Bye Bye Baby"". Icon: Official Madonna website. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  105. ^ a b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (October 20, 1992). "Madonna > Erotica > Overview". AllMusic. Archived from the original on June 2, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  106. ^ a b Power, Tony. "Madonna - Erotica". Blender. Archived from the original on August 18, 2004. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  107. ^ DeRogatis, Jim (October 21, 1992). "Direct Marketing // Madonna Hopes 'Sex' Will Sell". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2023.(subscription required)
  108. ^ a b c Browne, David (October 23, 1992). "Erotica". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on July 24, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  109. ^ Willman, Chris (October 18, 1992). "Madonna struts her new pose". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  110. ^ Walters, Barry (2004). "Madonna". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 508–09. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
  111. ^ a b Christgau, Robert (January 26, 1993). "Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on November 5, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  112. ^ Verna, Paul; Morris, Chris; Morris, Edward (October 24, 1992). "Album Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 104, no. 43. p. 62. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  113. ^ a b Flick, Larry (November 21, 1992). "Madonna-rama: The artist on music, lifestyle, more / Hits of the world" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 104, no. 4. pp. 34 and 50. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  114. ^ a b Barton, Matthew (October 17, 2022). "There's a certain satisfaction in a little bit of pain: Thirty years of Madonna's Erotica". The Quietus. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  115. ^ Easlea 2012, pp. 114–115
  116. ^ Earp, Joseph (April 23, 2020). "Virgins, prayers and lots of sex: All 14 Madonna albums, ranked from worst to best". Junkee. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
  117. ^ a b c Shrewsbury, Reede (August 27, 2018). "Ranking all 13 Madonna studio albums from worst to best - 5. Erotica (1992)". WhatCulture. Archived from the original on April 27, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  118. ^ "Madonna's 13 studio albums ranked - 8. Erotica (1992)". The Advocate. January 23, 2015. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
  119. ^ Elan, Priya (November 30, 2011). "Madonna – Rank the albums". NME. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  120. ^ Walker, Barbara (October 18, 1992). "Madonna the superstar's first full-length studio release since 1989, due in stores on Tuesday, may leave listeners missing melodies and musing about Madonna's love life". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2022.(subscription required)
  121. ^ Ford, Tom (October 25, 1992). "Images of 'Erotica': Madonna repackages her past". Toledo Blade. p. 35. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  122. ^ Robinson, Charlotte (November 12, 2001). "Madonna: Greatest Hits Volume 2". PopMatters. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  123. ^ "Billboard 200: The week of November 7, 1992". Billboard. November 7, 1992. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  124. ^ Mayfield, Geoff (November 12, 1994). "Between the bullets" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 46. p. 116. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  125. ^ Philips, Chuck (October 29, 1992). "Despite massive multimedia blitz, Erotica chasing The Chase". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 20, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  126. ^ a b "American album certifications – Madonna – Erotica". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  127. ^ a b Trust, Gary (December 11, 2016). "Ask Billboard: Madonna's career album sales". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  128. ^ a b Barry, David (February 18, 2002). "Shania, Backstreet, Britney, Eminem and Janet top all time sellers". Music Industry News Network. Archived from the original on July 3, 2003. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  129. ^ "Top Albums/CDs - Volume 56, No. 19, November 07 1992". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. November 7, 1992. Archived from the original on June 21, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  130. ^ a b "Top RPM Albums: Issue 1862". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  131. ^ a b "Canadian album certifications – Madonna – Erotica". Music Canada. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  132. ^ a b "Argentinian album certifications – Madonna – Erotica" (in Spanish). Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  133. ^ a b Lannert, John (November 26, 1994). "The gringos are coming!" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 48. p. 73. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  134. ^ a b "Brazilian album certifications – Madonna – Erotica" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  135. ^ a b Garcia, Sergio (October 31, 1993). "No banco com Madonna". Jornal do Brasil (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  136. ^ a b c Samaniego, Fernando (October 20, 1992). "El libro de Madonna tuvo un discreto estreno en la noche de Madrid". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  137. ^ a b c d e f g "European Top 10 Albums / Top 10 Album Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. 9 (46): 21 and 22. November 14, 1992. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  138. ^ a b "British album certifications – Madonna – Erotica". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  139. ^ a b Hennessey, Mike (May 22, 1993). "France '93: Optimism prevails despite a declining growth" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 105, no. 21. p. F4. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  140. ^ "Tous les Albums de l'Artiste choisi – search with artist name (M)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on August 7, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  141. ^ a b "Offiziellecharts.de – Madonna – Erotica" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  142. ^ a b "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Madonna; 'Erotica')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  143. ^ a b "Sbatti il sesso in compact-disc" (PDF). L'Unità (in Italian): 21. October 17, 1992. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 3, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2023. In Italia. Erotica ha già totalizzato 250 mila copie vendute, cioè prenotate, prima ancora di uscire.
  144. ^ a b "Swedishcharts.com – Madonna – Erotica". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  145. ^ a b "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Erotica')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  146. ^ a b c Salaverri 2005, p. 92
  147. ^ a b "Discos mas vendidos". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). October 1, 1993. p. 51. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2023 – via Biblioteca Nacional de España. Erotica de Madonna apenas sobrepasaría las 150.000 copias vendidas
  148. ^ "Plötusala 19/11" (in Icelandic). Pressan – Plötu & bókablað. November 19, 1992. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2023 – via Timarit.is.
  149. ^ "Madonna chart history, received from ARIA on January 24, 2020". ARIA. Retrieved July 12, 2024 – via Imgur.com. N.B. This only contains peaks from the ARIA-produced chart era (June 5, 1988 onwards). The High Point number in the NAT column indicates the release's peak on the national chart.
  150. ^ a b "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2001 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  151. ^ a b "Charts.nz – Madonna – Erotica". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  152. ^ a b エロティカ (in Japanese). Oricon. October 25, 1992. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  153. ^ a b "Japanese album certifications – Madonna – Erotica" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved December 22, 2023. Select 1994年11月 on the drop-down menu
  154. ^ McClure, Steve (March 13, 1993). "'Bodyguard', Madonna score in Japan" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 105, no. 11. p. 56. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  155. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  156. ^ "Fans' changing taste". South China Morning Post. April 10, 1993. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  157. ^ a b Claimed sales for Erotica in Singapore:
  158. ^ a b Hunt, El (October 12, 2023). "Don't go for second best, baby: All Madonna's albums, ranked". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  159. ^ "Madonna's albums ranked from worst to best". Billboard. March 9, 2015. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
  160. ^ Henderson, Eric (October 19, 2022). "Erotica, Madonna's most important album, turns 30". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on October 20, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  161. ^ "Revolutions: Madonna's Erotica". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. August 29, 2017. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  162. ^ a b c Segarra, Edward (October 20, 2022). "Madonna's Erotica showed that sex doesn't always sell. But it can move the needle". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 20, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  163. ^ Bernstein, Jonathan (October 20, 1997). "Janet Jackson gets nasty on Velvet Rope". The Observer. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  164. ^ "Janet, a new queen of erotica?". South China Morning Post. May 28, 1993. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  165. ^ a b Taraborrelli 2002, pp. 225–226
  166. ^ Henderson, Eric (September 23, 2009). "Review: Madonna, Celebration". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  167. ^ Ryan-Hicks, Joseph (February 23, 2023). "Erotica: Madonna's most provocative album from a millennial's perspective". Attitude. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  168. ^ Von Aue, Mary (March 18, 2015). "Madonna albums from worst to best". Stereogum. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  169. ^ "We ranked every single Madonna album from worst to best". Gay Times. June 17, 2019. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  170. ^ a b McNair 2002, pp. 68–69
  171. ^ "The 100 best albums of the 1990s". Slant Magazine. February 14, 2011. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  172. ^ O'Brien 2008, pp. 267–268
  173. ^ Chadwick, Justin (October 15, 2022). "Madonna's Erotica turns 30: Album anniversary". Albumism. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  174. ^ "ACE Repertory - Anthony Marc Shimkin". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  175. ^ Richmond 2007, p. 318
  176. ^ Madonna (2012). Erotica (Vinyl Reissue) (Liner notes). Warner Bros. Records. 8122-79735-6.
  177. ^ Madonna (1993). Erotica (Limited Australian Tour Edition) (Media notes). Warner Music Australia. 9362450312.
  178. ^ "Rankings: Top 10" (PDF). Pelo: 31. November 1992. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2023. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  179. ^ "Australiancharts.com – Madonna – Erotica". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  180. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Madonna – Erotica" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  181. ^ "CDs/Os mais vendidos". Jornal do Brasil (in Portuguese): 6. December 3, 1992. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  182. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Madonna – Erotica" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  183. ^ a b Pennanen 2006, p. 118
  184. ^ "Top 10 Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. 9 (50): 22. December 12, 1992. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  185. ^ "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 1992. 47. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  186. ^ "Ísland (LP / CD)". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). October 22, 1992. p. 23. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  187. ^ "Top 10 Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. 9 (45): 46. November 7, 1992. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  188. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Madonna – Erotica". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  189. ^ "Music Divas & Rock Bands Top South African Certifications". Music Industry News Network. May 2, 2002. Archived from the original on July 9, 2003. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  190. ^ "Swisscharts.com – Madonna – Erotica". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  191. ^ "Madonna Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  192. ^ "Lista prodaje 43. tjedan 2022. (17.10.2022. - 23.10.2022.)" (in Croatian). HDU. November 2022. Archived from the original on November 3, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  193. ^ Juul, Jacob Chapelle (September 4, 2006). "13 Madonna-album på top 100 efter koncert". Gaffa (in Danish). Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  194. ^ "Official IFPI Charts Top-75 Albums Sales Chart (Combined) Εβδομάδα: 29/2023" (in Greek). IFPI Greece. Archived from the original on July 26, 2023. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  195. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  196. ^ "ARIA Top 50 Albums for 1992". ARIA Charts. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  197. ^ "The RPM Top 100 albums of 1992" (PDF). RPM. 56 (25): 13. December 19, 1992. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  198. ^ "Eurochart Top 100 albums" (PDF). Music & Media. 9 (51/52): 17. December 19, 1992. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  199. ^ Okamoto, Satoshi (2006). Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005. Roppongi, Tokyo: Oricon Entertainment. ISBN 4-87131-077-9. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018.
  200. ^ "Superventas 1992". El País (in Spanish). 1992. p. 223. Retrieved March 1, 2024 – via Google Books.
  201. ^ "UK Charts: End Of Year Charts -Top 100 Albums 1992" (PDF). Official Charts Company. January 16, 1993. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  202. ^ "ARIA Top 50 Albums for 1993". ARIA Charts. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  203. ^ "RPM Top 100 albums of 1993" (PDF). RPM. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 10, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  204. ^ "Bibllboard 200 Year end: 1993". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  205. ^ "CASH BOX YEAR-END CHARTS: 1993". Cash Box. December 31, 1993. Archived from the original on January 20, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  206. ^ "Austrian album certifications – Madonna – Erotica" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  207. ^ "אלבומים ומכירות בארץ". LaIsha (in Hebrew). August 13, 2001. p. 56. Archived from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  208. ^ "New Warner MD brims with ideas". New Straits Times. October 30, 1992. p. 14. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  209. ^ "Dutch album certifications – Madonna – Erotica" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved July 31, 2018. Enter Erotica in the "Artiest of titel" box. Select 2001 in the drop-down menu saying "Alle jaargangen".
  210. ^ "South Africa certifications". Recording Industry of South Africa.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erotica_(Madonna_album)&oldid=1262872575"