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Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury

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Blessed

Margaret Plantagenet
Countess of Salisbury
Portrait of an unknown woman, often identified as the Countess of Salisbury[1]
Born14 August 1473
Farleigh Hungerford Castle, Somerset, England
Died27 May 1541(1541-05-27) (aged 67)
Tower of London, London, England
BuriedChurch of St Peter ad Vincula
Noble familyPlantagenet
Spouse(s)Sir Richard Pole
Issue
FatherGeorge Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence
MotherIsabel Neville

Margaret Plantagenet, Countess of Salisbury (14 August 1473 – 27 May 1541), was the only surviving daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence (a brother of Kings Edward IV and Richard III), by his wife Isabel Neville.[2] As a result of Margaret's marriage to Richard Pole, she was also known as Margaret Pole. She was one of just two women in 16th-century England to be a peeress in her own right (suo jure) without a husband in the House of Lords.[3]

One of the few members of the House of Plantagenet to have survived the Wars of the Roses, she was executed in 1541 at the command of King Henry VIII, the second monarch of the House of Tudor, who was the son of her first cousin, Elizabeth of York. Pope Leo XIII beatified her as a martyr for the Catholic Church on 29 December 1886.[4] One of her sons, Reginald Pole, was the last Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury.

Early life

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A possible Victorian copy of an original manuscript
Margaret in her youth

Margaret was born at Farleigh Castle in Somerset, the only surviving daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, and his wife Isabel Neville. George was a son of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, and a brother of both Edward IV and Richard III. Isabel was the elder daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick ("Warwick the Kingmaker") and his wife Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick.[2]

Warwick was killed fighting against Margaret's uncles at the Battle of Barnet. Her father, already Duke of Clarence, was then created Earl of Salisbury and of Warwick. Edward IV declared that Margaret's younger brother, Edward, should be known as Earl of Warwick, but only as a courtesy title and no peerage was ever created for him. Margaret would have had a claim to the Earldom of Warwick, but the earldom was forfeited on the attainder of her brother Edward.[5] She was most likely named for her paternal aunt Margaret of York.[6]

Isabel died suddenly when Margaret was only three years old after giving birth to a son,[7] Richard (who would only outlive her by a year). The death of his wife led Clarence to believe that the midwife and a servant had poisoned her and his son. He had them brought to trial, found guilty and executed on very slim evidence.[8] His grief over his wife's death, and the midwife having been suggested by his sister-in-law Elizabeth Woodville, made him distance himself from his brother, Edward IV.[citation needed]

The Duke of Clarence plotted against Edward IV, and in February 1478 was attainted and executed for treason. His lands and titles were thereby forfeited. Edward IV died in 1483 when Margaret was ten. The following year, the late King's marriage was declared invalid by the statute Titulus Regius, making his children illegitimate. As Margaret and her brother, Edward, were debarred from the throne by their father's attainder, their uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, became King Richard III. He had married Anne Neville, Margaret’s maternal aunt.[2]

In 1485, Richard III was defeated and killed at the Battle of Bosworth by Henry Tudor, who succeeded him as Henry VII. The new King married Margaret's cousin, Elizabeth of York,[2] Edward IV's daughter, and Margaret and her brother were taken into their care. As young Edward was a potential House of York claimant to the throne, he was soon moved to the Tower of London. Edward was briefly displayed in public at St Paul's Cathedral in 1487 in response to the presentation of the impostor Lambert Simnel as the "Earl of Warwick" to the Irish lords.[citation needed]

Soon afterwards, Henry VII gave Margaret in marriage to his cousin, Richard Pole, whose mother was a half-sister of the King's mother, Margaret Beaufort.[9] When Perkin Warbeck impersonated Edward IV's presumed-dead son, Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York, in 1499, Margaret's brother Edward was attainted and executed.[10]

Richard Pole held various offices in Henry VII's government, the highest being Chamberlain for Arthur, Prince of Wales (Henry's elder son). When Arthur married Catherine of Aragon, Margaret became one of her ladies-in-waiting, but Catherine's entourage was dissolved after Arthur died in 1502, aged fifteen.[citation needed]

Richard Pole died in 1505, leaving Margaret a widow with five children. She had a small estate of land inherited from her husband but no other income or prospects. Henry VII paid for Pole's funeral. Margaret had inadequate means of supporting herself and her children, so she was forced to live at Syon Abbey with her daughter Ursula as guests of the Bridgettine nuns.[11][12] She remained there until she returned to favour when Henry VIII came to the throne in 1509. To ease the situation, she devoted her third son, Reginald Pole, to the Church — he was to have an eventful career as a papal Legate and later as Archbishop of Canterbury. Later in life, however, he bitterly resented what he saw as her abandonment of him.[5]

Countess of Salisbury

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Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon in 1509, and Margaret was again appointed as one of her ladies-in-waiting. In 1512, an Act of Parliament restored the Earldom of Salisbury to Margaret, and also some of her brother's former land for which she paid 5,000 marks (£2,666.13s.4d), equivalent to £2,570,000 in 2023. Henry VII had controlled these lands while Margaret's brother was a minor and then during his imprisonment; he confiscated them after Edward's trial.[13] However, Edward's Warwick and Spencer [Despencer] estates remained in the hands of the Crown.[14]

As Countess of Salisbury, Margaret managed her lands well; by 1538, she was the fifth-richest peer in England.[citation needed] She was a patron of the New Learning, like many Renaissance noblewomen. Gentian Hervet translated Erasmus' de immensa misericordia Dei (The Great Mercy of God) into English for her.[citation needed]

Her first son, Henry Pole, was created Baron Montagu, another of the Neville titles, speaking for the family in the House of Lords.

Her second son, Arthur Pole, had a generally successful career as a courtier, becoming one of the six Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber.[citation needed] Arthur Pole suffered a setback when his patron Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, was convicted of treason in 1521 but was soon restored to favour. He died young (about 1526), having married the heiress of Roger Lewknor.[citation needed] Margaret and her son Henry pressed Arthur's widow to take a vow of perpetual chastity to preserve her inheritance for the Pole children.[citation needed]

Margaret's daughter Ursula married the Duke of Buckingham's son, Henry Stafford, in 1519, but after the Duke's fall, the couple were given only fragments of his estates.[citation needed]

Margaret's third son, Reginald Pole, was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, and studied abroad at the University of Padua in Italy, with a £100 stipend from the king.[15] He was Dean of Exeter and Wimborne Minster, Dorset, and a canon of York. He had several other livings, although he had not been ordained a priest. In 1529, he represented Henry VIII in Paris, persuading the theologians of the Sorbonne to support Henry's divorce from Catherine of Aragon.[15] He was the last Archbishop of Canterbury and Primate of All England.[16]

Margaret's youngest son, Geoffrey Pole, married Constance, daughter of Edmund Pakenham, and inherited the estate of Lordington in Sussex.[17]

Margaret's own favour at Court varied. She had a dispute over land with Henry VIII in 1518; he awarded the contested lands to the Dukedom of Somerset, which had been held by his Beaufort great-grandfather, and was now in the possession of the Crown.[citation needed]

In 1520, Margaret was appointed governess to Henry's daughter Mary. She was also Mary's godmother and stood sponsor for Mary's confirmation.[7] In 1521, when her sons were caught up in Buckingham's treason conviction, she was dismissed from that appointment, but it had been restored to her by 1525,[7][18] when Margaret was appointed governess to the Princess at Ludlow Castle in Shropshire.[19][20]

When Mary was declared a bastard in 1533, Margaret refused to give Mary's gold plate and jewels back to Henry.[7] Mary's household was broken up at the end of the year, and Margaret asked if she could serve Mary at her own cost, but this was not permitted.[7] The Imperial Ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, suggested two years later that Mary be handed over to Margaret, but Henry refused, calling Margaret "a fool, of no experience".[21]

Fall

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Pole was initially amongst a group of noblewomen who openly opposed the King's divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Others were Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk and the King's sister; Elizabeth Howard, Duchess of Norfolk; Gertrude Courtenay, Marchioness of Exeter; and Anne Grey, Baroness Hussey.[22]

In 1531, her son Reginald Pole had warned of the risks involved if Henry should divorce Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn.[citation needed] In 1532, he returned to Padua and received a last English benefice in December of that year. Chapuys suggested to Emperor Charles V that Reginald should marry Henry VIII's daughter Mary and combine their dynastic claims. Chapuys also communicated with Reginald through his brother, Geoffrey.[citation needed] Reginald replied to correspondence he received from Henry VIII with his own pamphlet, pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione, also called de unitate, which denied both royal supremacy and Henry's position on marriage to a brother's wife. This was a great offence to the King.[7] Reginald also urged the princes of Europe to depose Henry immediately.[citation needed]

Henry VIII wrote to Margaret, who in turn wrote to her son, reproving him for his "folly".[23] She sent a copy of the letter to the King's council.[7] In May 1536, Reginald finally and definitively broke with the King. After Anne Boleyn was arrested and eventually executed, Margaret was permitted to return to Court, albeit briefly.[24]

In 1537, Reginald (still not ordained) was made a Cardinal. Pope Paul III put him in charge of organising assistance for the Pilgrimage of Grace (and related movements). The pilgrimage was an effort to organise a march on London to replace the King's 'reformist' ministers with traditional, Catholic minds. Neither Francis I of France nor the Emperor supported this effort, and the English government tried to assassinate Reginald. In 1539, Reginald was sent to the Emperor to organise an embargo against England — the countermeasure of which he himself had warned Henry in 1531.[25]

As part of the investigations into the so-called Exeter Conspiracy, Geoffrey Pole was arrested in August 1538. Geoffrey had been corresponding with his brother Reginald and the investigation of Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter (Henry VIII's first cousin and Geoffrey's second cousin), had implicated him.[citation needed] Geoffrey had appealed to Thomas Cromwell, who had him arrested and interrogated. Under interrogation, Geoffrey's nerve broke and he tried to die by suicide.[26] He said that Exeter had been party to his correspondence with Reginald and shared details about Henry, Lord Montague's dislike of King Henry and his policies.[26] Montagu, Exeter, and Margaret were arrested in November 1538.[citation needed] In January 1539, Geoffrey was pardoned,[17] but Montagu and Exeter were executed for treason after trial. The King convinced himself that he had escaped death by a narrow margin and informed Emperor Charles V that for ten years Exeter and Montagu had planned to murder him.[26]

In May 1539, Margaret was attainted, as her father had been. She was accused of having “comytted and p[er]petrated div[er]se and sundry other detestable and abominable treasons.”[27] The attainder meant that her titles and lands were forfeit.[citation needed] As part of the evidence for the bill of attainder, Cromwell produced a tunic bearing the Five Wounds of Christ, symbolising Margaret's support for the Church of Rome and the rule of her son, Reginald, and the King's Catholic daughter, Mary.[citation needed] This had been found at her castle at Warblington in Hampshire.[7]

Margaret was also interrogated for three days by William FitzWilliam, Earl of Southampton, and Thomas Thirlby, Bishop of Ely. She defended herself against their accusations, and her interrogators reported to Cromwell that "We assure your lordship we have dealed with such a one as men have not dealed withal tofore [i.e. before] us; we may call her rather a strong and constant man, than a woman. For in all behaviour, howsoever we have used her, she hath showed herself so earnest, vehement, and precise that more could not be."[22]

Margaret was nevertheless sentenced to death, but was held in the Tower of London for two and a half years with her grandson, Henry, and Exeter's son. In 1540, Cromwell also fell from favour and was attainted and executed himself.[28]

Execution

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The following poem was found carved on the wall of Margaret's cell:[29][30]

"For traitors on the block should die;
I am no traitor, no, not I!
My faithfulness stands fast and so,
Towards the block I shall not go!
Nor make one step, as you shall see;
Christ in Thy Mercy, save Thou me!"

On the morning of 27 May 1541, Margaret was told she would die within the hour. She answered that no crime had been attributed to her. Nevertheless, she was taken from her cell to the precincts of the Tower where a low wooden block had been prepared instead of the customary scaffold.[9]

Two written eyewitness reports survived her execution: one by Charles de Marillac, the French ambassador, and the other by Chapuys, ambassador to the Holy Roman Emperor. The accounts differ somewhat. Marillac's report, dispatched two days afterwards, recorded that the execution took place with so few people present that, in the evening, news of her execution was doubted. Chapuys wrote two weeks after the execution that one hundred and fifty witnesses were present for the execution, including the Lord Mayor of London.[citation needed]

Chapuys wrote: "At first, when the sentence of death was made known to her, she found the thing very strange, not knowing of what crime she was accused, nor how she had been sentenced".[citation needed] Because the chief executioner[31] had been sent north to deal with rebels, the execution was performed by "a wretched and blundering youth who hacked her head and shoulders to pieces in the most pitiful manner".[citation needed] It took eleven strokes of an axe for the executioner to remove her head. The first blow missed its mark, gashing her shoulder.[32]

A third account in Burke's Peerage described the appalling circumstances of the execution. It states that Margaret refused to lay her head on the block, declaiming: "So should traitors do, and I am none". According to the account, she turned her head "every which way", instructing the executioner that, if he wanted her head, he should take it as he could.[33][34][35][36][37]

Margaret was buried in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula within the Tower of London.[38] Her remains were later uncovered when the chapel was renovated in 1876.[39][40]

Descendants

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When not at Court, Margaret lived chiefly at Warblington Castle in Hampshire and Bisham Manor in Berkshire.[41]

She and her husband were parents to five children:

Legacy

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Stained glass windows of Gothic Revival Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church, Cambridge depicting Blessed Margaret Pole at prayer in her cell at the Tower of London and her beheading at Tower Green

Her son, Reginald Pole, said that he would "never fear to call himself the son of a martyr".[citation needed] Margaret was later regarded by Catholic Church as a martyr.[45] She was beatified on 29 December 1886 by Pope Leo XIII.[46] She is commemorated in the dedication of the Church of Our Lady Queen of Peace & Blessed Margaret Pole in Southbourne, Bournemouth.[47]

Panel paintings of Margaret can be found in the following English churches:

There are stained glass windows of her in the following English churches:

Cultural depictions

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Unknown woman, formerly known as Margaret Plantagenet, Countess of Salisbury — National Portrait Gallery". npg.org.uk.
  2. ^ a b c d Weir, Alison (18 April 2011). Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4464-4911-0.
  3. ^ ODNB; the other was Anne Boleyn, Marchioness of Pembroke. The ODNB does not qualify the assertion, but is discussing sixteenth-century usage; sources which apply modern law retroactively will consider some women peeresses in their own right when their husbands sat in Parliament with their father's style and precedence.
  4. ^ DWYER, J. G. "Pole, Margaret Plantagenet, Bl." New Catholic Encyclopedia. 2nd ed. Vol. 11. Detroit: Gale, 2003. pp. 455–56.
  5. ^ a b ODNB.
  6. ^ Higginbotham, Susan (15 August 2016). Margaret Pole: The Countess in the Tower. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-3609-2.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Weir, Alison (2010). "Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury (1541)". Traitors of the Tower. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-954228-5.
  8. ^ Wilson, Rebecca Sophia Katherine (30 March 2024). Tudor Feminists: 10 Renaissance Women Ahead of their Time. Pen and Sword History. ISBN 978-1-3990-4363-2.
  9. ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Blessed Margaret Pole". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  10. ^ Amin, Nathen (15 April 2021). Henry VII and the Tudor Pretenders: Simnel, Warbeck, and Warwick. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-7509-1.
  11. ^ Powell, Sue (1 November 2005). "Margaret Pole and Syon Abbey". Historical Research. 78 (202): 563–567. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2005.00254.x.
  12. ^ Delman, Rachel M. (24 January 2023), Curran, Kimm; Burton, Janet (eds.), "Women Religious, Secular Households: The Outside World and Crossing Boundaries in the Later Middle Ages", Medieval Women Religious, c.800-c.1500 (1 ed.), Boydell and Brewer Limited, pp. 121–136, doi:10.1017/9781800108981.009, ISBN 978-1-80010-898-1, retrieved 5 November 2024
  13. ^ ODNB, which argues that the restoration was a tacit admission of her brother's innocence; however, lands and titles had been restored to the heirs of guilty peers during the previous century.
  14. ^ The National Archives, minsters' accounts, SC6/HENVIII.
  15. ^ a b Mayer, T. F. (2004). "Pole, Reginald (1500–1558), cardinal and archbishop of Canterbury". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22456. Retrieved 13 September 2024. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  16. ^ Mayer, Thomas F. (1987). "A Diet for Henry VIII: The Failure of Reginald Pole's 1537 Legation". Journal of British Studies. 26 (3): 305–331. doi:10.1086/385892. ISSN 0021-9371.
  17. ^ a b Mayer, T. F. (2004). "Pole, Sir Geoffrey (d. 1558), alleged conspirator". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22447. Retrieved 13 September 2024. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  18. ^ Pierce 1996, pp. 86–89
  19. ^ Broadwood, A. A. (1908). "A Misjudged Queen". The Downside Review. 27 (2): 165–178. doi:10.1177/001258060802700206. ISSN 0012-5806.
  20. ^ Pollnitz, Aysha (2010), Hunt, Alice; Whitelock, Anna (eds.), "Christian Women or Sovereign Queens? The Schooling of Mary and Elizabeth", Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 127–142, doi:10.1057/9780230111950_9, ISBN 978-0-230-11195-0, retrieved 5 November 2024
  21. ^ Pierce 1996, pp. 102
  22. ^ a b Harris, Barbara J. (June 1990). "Women and Politics in Early Tudor England". The Historical Journal. 33 (2): 259–281. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00013327. ISSN 1469-5103.
  23. ^ ODNB, "Reginald Pole"; "Geoffrey Pole". Pole and his hagiographers gave several accounts of Pole's activities after Henry met Anne Boleyn. These are not consistent; if — as he claimed at one point — Pole rejected the divorce in 1526 and refused the Oath of Supremacy in 1531, he received benefits from Henry for a course of action for which others were sentenced to death.
  24. ^ ODNB; quotation as given there.
  25. ^ ODNB, Reginald Pole.
  26. ^ a b c "The Extermination of the White Rose" (2011) History Today, vol. 61, no. 1. p. 35. Retrieved 5 November 2024. ISSN 00182753.
  27. ^ Weinreich, Spencer J. (1 January 2017), "Cardinal Pole's Arrival in Flanders, and the Results Thereof", Pedro de Ribadeneyra’s 'Ecclesiastical History of the Schism of the Kingdom of England', Brill, pp. 272–274, doi:10.1163/9789004323964_043, ISBN 978-90-04-32396-4, retrieved 5 November 2024
  28. ^ "Thomas Cromwell and the 'ungoodly' executioner". The History Press. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  29. ^ "The Execution of Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury". The Anne Boleyn Files. 27 May 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  30. ^ "The Tower of London". The Travelling Historian. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  31. ^ This was not, as some say, Cratwell, who had himself has been executed three years earlier
  32. ^ Webb, Simon (2011). Execution: A History of Capital Punishment in Britain. The History Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-7524-6662-0.
  33. ^ Pierce 1996, pp. 314–315
  34. ^ The Complete Peerage, v. XII p. II, p. 393
  35. ^ "Margaret Pole". Tudor History. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  36. ^ "1541: Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury". Executed Today. 27 May 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  37. ^ "Block and Axe". Royal Armouries. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  38. ^ Profile of Margaret, Lady Salisbury, Regina (online)
  39. ^ "Pole, Margaret, suo jure Countess of Salisbury (1473–1541), noblewoman". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22451. Retrieved 18 November 2020. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  40. ^ Bell, Doyne C. (1877). Notices of the Historic Persons Buried in the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. p. 24.
  41. ^ Ford, David Nash (2010). "Margaret Plantagenet, Lady Pole & Countess of Salisbury (1473–1541)". Royal Berkshire History. Nash Ford Publishing. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
  42. ^ Fett, Denice (13 November 2010). "Spanish Diplomacy and English Recusancy in Early Elizabethan England". Reformation. 15 (1): 169–189. doi:10.1558/refm.v15.169. ISSN 1357-4175.
  43. ^ Somerset, Anne. (1984) Ladies in Waiting: from the Tudors to the present day, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 66.
  44. ^ Hicks, Michael. "Stafford, Thomas (c. 1533–1557), rebel". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26215. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  45. ^ Nuttall, Geoffrey F. (July 1971). "The English Martyrs 1535–1680: a statistical review". The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 22 (3): 191–197. doi:10.1017/S0022046900058310. ISSN 1469-7637.
  46. ^ Camm, Bede. (1904) Lives of the English martyrs declared blessed by Pope Leo XIII in 1886 and 1895. Burns and Oates Limited, ix.
  47. ^ "Our Lady Queen of Peace & Blessèd Margaret Pole, Southbourne". avonstour.co.uk. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  48. ^ Forbester, Mike (24 September 2017), English Martyrs' Church, retrieved 30 July 2022
  49. ^ Ernest Denim (25 July 2015), Painted panel at St Joseph's church, Sale, Cheshire, retrieved 30 July 2022
  50. ^ Thomson, Aidan McRae (21 August 2016), English Martyrs, retrieved 30 July 2022
  51. ^ david.robarts (26 June 2014), Margaret Pole & Thomas More, Burlison & Grylls 1931, retrieved 30 July 2022
  52. ^ Elmar Eye (11 February 2007), Blessed Margaret Pole and St Oliver Plunkett, retrieved 30 July 2022
  53. ^ Budby (9 November 2017), [55673] St Mary (RC), Derby: Blessed Margaret Pole, retrieved 30 July 2022
  54. ^ Oliver, Andrew (1921). "Notes on the Incised Effigies of Derbyshire and Staffordshire". Archaeological Journal. 78 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1080/00665983.1921.11073619. ISSN 0066-5983.
  55. ^ Lawrence OP (14 September 2005), English Martyrs, retrieved 30 July 2022
  56. ^ Thomson, Aidan McRae (30 June 2012), English Martyrs, Shrewsbury Cathedral, retrieved 2 November 2022
  57. ^ "The King's Curse". Publishers Weekly. 21 July 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  58. ^ Bradley, Laura (13 June 2016). "Two More Game of Thrones Actors Just Joined Starz's The White Queen Follow-Up". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  59. ^ Petski, Denise (17 May 2018). "The Spanish Princess: Charlotte Hope To Star In The White Princess. Follow-Up on Starz". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 1 June 2018.

Sources

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Further reading

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  • Pierce, Hazel (2003). Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, 1473–1541: Loyalty, Lineage and Leadership, University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-7083-1783-9
  • Roy, Neha (2023). Henry VIII's Imprisoned Women: The Women of the Tower, Pen and Sword History, ISBN 978-1-3990-9579-2
Peerage of England
Vacant
Title last held by
Edward Plantagenet 		Countess of Salisbury
1513–1539 		Forfeit
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