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Onsen

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Outdoor onsen at Nakanoshima in Nachikatsuura, Wakayama
A video showcasing the stool and shower used for cleaning off, an inside pool and an outside pool

In Japan, onsen (温泉) are hot springs and the bathing facilities and traditional inns around them. There are approximately 25,000 hot spring sources throughout Japan, and approximately 3,000 onsen establishments use naturally hot water from these geothermally heated springs.[1]

Onsen may be either outdoor baths (露天風呂 or 野天風呂, roten-buro / noten-buro) or indoor baths (内湯, uchiyu). Traditionally, onsen were located outdoors, although many inns have now built indoor bathing facilities as well. Nowadays, as most households have their baths, the number of traditional public baths has decreased,[2] but the number and popularity of hot spring resort towns (温泉街, onsen-gai) have increased since the end of Second World War.[3] Baths may be either publicly run by a municipality or privately, often connecting to a lodging establishment such as a hotel, ryokan, or minshuku.

Indoor onsen at Asamushi Onsen

The presence of an onsen is often indicated on signs and maps by the symbol ♨, the kanji 湯 (yu, meaning "hot water"), or the simpler phonetic hiragana character ゆ (yu).

Definition

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According to the Japanese Hot Springs Act (温泉法, Onsen Hō), onsen is defined as "hot water, mineral water, and water vapor or other gas (excluding natural gas of which the principal component is hydrocarbon) gushing from underground".[4] The law states that mineralized hot spring water that feeds an onsen must be at least 24 °C (75 °F) originating at a depth of at least 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi), and contain specified amounts of minerals such as sulphur, sodium, iron, or magnesium.[1]

When onsen water contains distinctive minerals or chemicals, establishments often display what type of water it is,[5] in part because the specific minerals found in the water have been thought to provide health benefits.[6] Types include sulfur onsen (硫黄泉, iō-sen), sodium chloride onsen (ナトリウム泉, natoriumu-sen), hydrogen carbonate onsen (炭酸泉, tansan-sen), and iron onsen (鉄泉, tetsu-sen).

Mixed bathing

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Guidebook to Hakone from 1811

Traditionally, men and women bathed together at both onsen and sentō communal bathhouses, but gender separation has been enforced at most institutions since the opening of Japan to the West during the Meiji Restoration.

Mixed bathing (混浴, kon'yoku) is currently banned in Japanese public baths.[7][8][a][10] Depending on the prefecture and local ordinances, children seven years old and younger may be exempt from this ban.[7]

Private onsen called "family baths" (家族風呂, kazokuburo) can be found in many locations throughout Japan. These can be reserved and used for mixed bathing.[11]

Etiquette

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Baskets

Ensuring cleanliness

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As at a sentō at an onsen, all guests are expected to wash and rinse themselves thoroughly before entering the hot water. Bathing stations are equipped with stools, faucets, wooden buckets, and toiletries such as soap and shampoo; nearly all onsen also provide removable shower heads for bathing convenience. Entering the onsen while still dirty or with traces of soap on the body is socially unacceptable.[b]

Swimsuits

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Guests are not allowed to wear swimsuits in the baths and must be completely nude. However, there are some onsen that allow both men and women to enter together but require swimsuits. Many of these mixed onsen resemble more of a pool or waterpark than the traditional idea of an onsen.[12][13][14] In 2016, The Japan Times reported that guests were not normally allowed to wear swimsuits in the baths. However, some modern onsen required their guests to wear a swimming suit in their mixed baths.[15]

Towel

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Onsen guests generally bring a small towel with them to use as a wash cloth. The towel can also provide a modicum of modesty when walking between the washing area and the baths. Some onsen allow one to wear the towel into the baths, while others have posted signs prohibiting this, saying that it makes it harder to clean the bath. It is against the rules to immerse or dip towels in the onsen bath water, since this can be considered unclean. People normally set their towels off to the side of the water when enjoying the baths, or place their folded towels on top of their heads.

Tattoos

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By 2015, around half (56%) of onsen operators had banned bathers with tattoos from using their facilities.[16][17][18] The original reason for the tattoo ban was to keep out yakuza and members of other crime gangs who traditionally have elaborate full-body decoration.[19]

However, tattoo-friendly onsen do exist.[20] A 2015 study by the Japan National Tourism Organisation found that more than 30% of onsen operators at hotels and inns across the country will not turn someone with a tattoo away; another 13% said they would grant access to a tattooed guest under certain conditions, such as having the tattoo covered up.[16] Some towns have many tattoo-friendly onsen that do not require guests to cover them up. Two such towns are Kinosaki Onsen in Hyōgo and Beppu Onsen in Ōita.[21]

With the increase in foreign customers due to growing tourism, some onsen that previously banned tattoos are loosening their rules to allow guests with small tattoos to enter, provided they cover their tattoos with a patch or sticking plaster.[16][22]

Benefits

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There are various health benefits attributed to bathing in onsen.[23][24][25] Onsen are particularly renowned for their relaxing and therapeutic effects.[25] These effects are due to properties such as the temperature, pressure, and mineral composition of the water.[26]

A 2014 study conducted in Beppu, a city famous for its onsen, found that regular bathing in onsen has various health benefits such as lowering blood pressure, improving circulation and cardiovascular health, reducing chronic pain and fatigue, and lowering the rate of depression.[24] A survey conducted in Atami, another city famous for its onsen, found that individuals with onsen in their homes were less likely to take blood pressure medication than those without onsen.[23]

There are various types of onsen including carbonated springs, iron-containing springs, acidic springs, strong-smelling sulfur springs, among others.[23] Each type of onsen is believed to have unique benefits. Carbonated springs, for example, are believed to lead to smooth skin.[23] Onsen facilities often advertise various health and beauty benefits they claim their water to provide.[27][28]

Water at some onsen facilities is drinkable.[29][30][31] Onsen water should only be consumed if it is confirmed to be safe to drink by the prefecture.[30] The water should be obtained from a designated drinking source that is separate from the water which is bathed in.[30] The often mineral-rich onsen water is believed to have benefits such as treating iron-deficiency anemia or constipation.[29][31]

Risks

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Article 18, paragraph 1 of the Japanese Hot Springs Act publishes guidance on contraindications and cautions for bathing in hot springs, and drinking their respective waters.[32] Although millions of Japanese bathe in onsen every year with few noticeable side effects, there are still potential side effects to onsen usage, such as aggravating high blood pressure or heart disease.[33]

Legionella bacteria have been found in some onsen with poor sanitation.[34][35] For example, 295 people were infected with Legionella and seven died at an onsen in Miyazaki Prefecture in 2002.[35][36][c] Revelations of poor sanitary practices at some onsen have led to improved regulation by hot-spring communities to maintain their reputation.[37]

There have been reports of infectious disease found in hot bodies of water worldwide, such as various Naegleria species.[38] While studies have found the presence of Naegleria in hot spring waters, Naegleria fowleri, responsible for numerous fatal cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis around the world, has not been found to be present in the water at onsen.[38] Nevertheless, fewer than five cases have been seen historically in Japan, although not conclusively linked to onsen exposure.[39]

Many onsen display notices reminding anyone with open cuts, sores, or lesions not to bathe. Additionally, in recent years onsen are increasingly adding chlorine to their waters to prevent infection, although many onsen purists seek natural, unchlorinated onsen that do not recycle their water but instead clean the baths daily.[37] These precautions as well as proper onsen usage (i.e. not placing the head underwater, washing thoroughly before entering the bath) greatly reduce any overall risk to bathers.

Voyeurism is reported at some onsen. In 2016, The Japan Times reported that this was mitigated in some prefectures of Japan where nude mixed bathing is not permitted, and that visitors must wear swimsuits.[15][40][41] In 2021, several people were arrested in connection with an organized group accused of taking photos of women in open-air baths.[42][43]

Bathing methods

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In addition to typical large public baths (大浴場, daiyokujō) and outdoor baths (露天風呂, roten-buro), there are various other methods of experiencing onsen that can be found at various facilities throughout Japan. Examples include:

  • Waterfall baths (打たせ湯, utase-yu): hot water is released from an elevated position and the pressure of the water has a massaging effect.[44]
    Utase-yu waterfall bath at Tarutama Onsen (垂玉温泉)
  • Steam baths (蒸し湯, mushi-yu): onsen steam is released in either a small room or a "steam box" (in which one immerses their body up to their neck) which has an effect similar to a sauna.[44]
  • Sleeping baths (寝湯, ne-yu): shallow baths in which one lies down. These can be used for sleeping, but there is a risk of overheating.[45]
  • Foot baths (足湯, ashi-yu): these are usually separate from main onsen facilities and are typically free. As only the feet and lower legs are immersed in the onsen water, users are otherwise fully clothed.
  • Sand baths (砂湯, suna-yu): an individual lies in or is buried partially in sand which is heated by onsen water or another source.[44] Yukata are usually worn in the sand baths and they are mixed-gender.
  • Ganban'yoku (岩盤浴): heated stones on which visitors lie down while wearing kannaigi (館内着), or a type of casual Japanese indoor wear.[46] As clothing is worn in ganban'yoku, they are mixed-gender and located in a separate location from the nude bathing area of an onsen facility.

Saunas are also sometimes located at onsen bathing facilities. A relatively cold bath called mizu-buro or sui-furo (水風呂) is often located directly outside a facility's sauna to allow users to quickly cool down. The cycle of entering hot baths, saunas, and cold baths at an onsen facility is sometimes referred to as totonou (ととのう) and is believed to be refreshing and to have health benefits.[47][48]

Selected onsen

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Main article: List of hot springs in Japan
Old Tsuru-no-yu Bathhouse in Nyūtō Onsen area, Akita
Winter bathing at Tsuru-no-yu rotten-buro in Nyūtō, Akita
Kurokawa Onsen roten-buro in Kyushu
Japanese macaques enjoying a roten-buro open-air onsen at Jigokudani Monkey Park
Yumura-onsen's hot-spring resort and forests in Shin'onsen, Hyōgo
Dōgo Onsen hot springs (main building) in Matsuyama, Ehime
Ginzan Onsen in Obanazawa, Yamagata
Kusatsu Onsen
Onsen tamago (black egg) Miyanoshita Onsen

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ due to varying interpretations of terminology and local ordinances, rare instances of mixed bathing still exist at places like Tsurunoyu Onsen where the water is opaque.[9]
  2. ^ In very isolated onsen, where there is no possibility to use soap before entering in the bath, onsen users are expected to at least rinse their body with the water of the bath before entering it.
  3. ^ In addition to this case, two people were infected and one died at Arima Onsen in 2022. In the same year, Legionella bacteria up to 3,700 times the standard value were detected at an onsen in Fukuoka Prefecture because the water was changed only twice a year.[36]

References

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  1. ^ a b Erikson, August; Masui, Anette (2014). Sacred Waters: A Guide to Japanese Hot Springs. Karlstad, Sweden: Votum Forlag AB. p. 88. ISBN 978-91-87283-33-8.
  2. ^ "Public Baths in Japan". www.japan-guide.com. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  3. ^ "温泉の歴史（現代）※第二次世界大戦後 | 日本温泉協会". 一般社団法人 日本温泉協会　～温泉名人～ (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  4. ^ "Hot Spring Act" (PDF). Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  5. ^ Serbulea, Mihaela; Payyappallimana, Unnikrishnan (2012). "Onsen (hot springs) in Japan—Transforming terrain into healing landscapes". Health & Place. 18 (6): 1366–73. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.06.020. PMID 22878276.
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  7. ^ a b 厚生労働省「公衆浴場における衛生管理理要領等の改正について〔公衆浴場法〕」(生食発1210第1号)(Retrieved June 3 2024)　https://www.mhlw.go.jp/web/t_doc?dataId=00tc5492&dataType=1&pageNo=1
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  9. ^ "Tsurunoyu Onsen" Retrieved June 3 2024
  10. ^ ｢混浴ダメ！｣何歳から？　10歳→7歳、国が通知　西日本新聞　Retrieved June 3 2024
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  14. ^ "Yunessun" Retrieved June 4 2024
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  16. ^ a b c Ryall, Julian (6 November 2015). "Japanese owners of famous 'onsen' hot springs soften their stance on tattoo ban to appease foreign visitors". Archived from the original on 17 January 2016.
  17. ^ Thompson, Ashley (6 November 2012). "If you need to bring drugs to Japan, sort out the paperwork — or else". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 19 July 2015.
  18. ^ Xeni Jardin (22 December 2009). "Tattoo in Japan". Boing Boing. Archived from the original on 24 December 2009.
  19. ^ Onsen Warnings and Hassles, July 2019, retrieved 30 September 2020
  20. ^ Thompson, Ashley (27 November 2012). "Ink doesn't always cause a stink at the onsen". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 19 July 2015.
  21. ^ "30 Tattoo Friendly Onsen in Japan".
  22. ^ Lund, Evie (17 April 2015). "Onsen in Nagano will now welcome foreigners with tattoos, as long as they patch 'em up". Archived from the original on 14 December 2015.
  23. ^ a b c d "特集「ヘルシートーク」 | ソニー生命保険株式会社". cs.sonylife.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
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  32. ^ "The Criteria for the Notification, etc. on Contraindications and Cautions for Bathing and Drinking as specified in Article 18, Paragraph 1 of the Hot Springs Act" (PDF). Ministry of the Environment: Government of Japan. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
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  38. ^ a b Shinji Izumiyama; Kenji Yagita; Reiko Furushima-Shimogawara; Tokiko Asakura; Tatsuya Karasudani; Takuro Endō (July 2003). "Occurrence and Distribution of Naegleria Species in Thermal Waters in Japan". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 50 (s1): 514–5. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00614.x. PMID 14736147. S2CID 45052636.
  39. ^ Yasuo Sugita; Teruhiko Fujii; Itsurou Hayashi; Takachika Aoki; Toshirō Yokoyama; Minoru Morimatsu; Toshihide Fukuma; Yoshiaki Takamiya (May 1999). "Primary amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri: An autopsy case in Japan". Pathology International. 49 (5): 468–70. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1827.1999.00893.x. PMID 10417693. S2CID 21576553.
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  41. ^ "＜盗撮の闇(3)＞奪われた日常 被害者、映像流出におびえ". 佐賀新聞 (in Japanese). 28 December 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  42. ^ "盗撮のカリスマ”斎藤果林容疑者が逮捕 犯行グループの一員が明かす“卑劣な手口”「若い女性が集まる連休にはグループで“温泉盗撮旅”へ Bunshun Online (in Japanese) May 1 2022. Retrieved June 3 2024.
  43. ^ "「盗撮のカリスマ」率いるグループ１６人摘発…男「３０年前から１万人は盗撮」" Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese) February 2 2023. Retrieved June 3 2024.
  44. ^ a b c "Other types of bathing | Onsen Medical Science Reserch Center". www.onsen-msrc.com. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  45. ^ "寝湯とは？最高のくつろぎ空間が堪能できる温泉10選！｜ニフティ温泉". ニフティ温泉 (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  46. ^ "岩盤浴での持ち物は？入り方や服装を解説 おすすめの岩盤浴施設も紹介｜ニフティ温泉". ニフティ温泉 (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  47. ^ "ととのうサウナの入り方". 野天湯元 湯快爽快 ちがさき (in Japanese). 4 March 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  48. ^ "サウナよりもととのう？ 本物の温泉好きがやみつきになる入浴法 （高橋一喜） - エキスパート". Yahoo!ニュース (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 July 2024.

Further reading

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  • Hotta, Anne, and Yoko Ishiguro. A Guide to Japanese Hot Springs. New York: Kodansha America, 1986. ISBN 0-87011-720-3.
  • Fujinami, Kōichi. Hot Springs in Japan. Tokyo: Board of Tourist Industry, Japanese Government Railways; Maruzen Company, Ltd., 1936.
  • Neff, Robert. Japan's Hidden Hot Springs. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle, 1995. ISBN 0-8048-1949-1.
  • Seki, Akihiko, and Elizabeth Heilman Brooke. The Japanese Spa: A Guide to Japan's Finest Ryokan and Onsen. Boston: Tuttle Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0-8048-3671-X. Reprinted as Ryokan: Japan's Finest Spas and Inns, 2007. ISBN 0-8048-3839-9.
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