Jump to content

Jyväskylä

Coordinates: 62°14.5′N 025°44.5′E / 62.2417°N 25.7417°E / 62.2417; 25.7417
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jyväskylä
City
Jyväskylän kaupunki
Jyväskylä stad
City of Jyväskylä
Clockwise from top-left: Lutakko Square, Äijälänsalmi Strait, apartments in Lutakko, old power station of Vaajakoski, the Jyväskylä City Church, and a courtyard in downtown Jyväskylä
Clockwise from top-left: Lutakko Square, Äijälänsalmi Strait, apartments in Lutakko, old power station of Vaajakoski, the Jyväskylä City Church, and a courtyard in downtown Jyväskylä
Coat of arms of Jyväskylä
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
Athens of Finland; Capital of Finnish rap;[1][2] Capital of Finnish sport[3]
Location of Jyväskylä in Finland
Location of Jyväskylä in Finland
Coordinates: 62°14.5′N 025°44.5′E / 62.2417°N 25.7417°E / 62.2417; 25.7417
Country Finland
RegionCentral Finland
Sub-regionJyväskylä sub-region
Charter1837
Government
 • City managerTimo Koivisto[4]
Area
 (2018-01-01)[5]
 • City
1,466.35 km2 (566.16 sq mi)
 • Land1,171.03 km2 (452.14 sq mi)
 • Water295.35 km2 (114.04 sq mi)
 • Urban
99.25 km2 (38.32 sq mi)
 • Rank61st largest in Finland
Population
 (2024-10-31)[6]
 • City
149,263
 • Rank7th largest in Finland
 • Density127.46/km2 (330.1/sq mi)
 • Urban
117,974
 • Urban density1,188.7/km2 (3,079/sq mi)
Population by native language
[7]
 • Finnish93% (official)
 • Swedish0.2%
 • Others6.8%
Population by age
[8]
 • 0 to 1415.2%
 • 15 to 6466.2%
 • 65 or older18.6%
Time zoneUTC+02:00 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Unemployment rate11.8%
Websitewww.jyvaskyla.fi/en/

Jyväskylä (Finnish: [ˈjyʋæsˌkylæ] ⓘ) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of Central Finland. It is located in the Finnish Lakeland. The population of Jyväskylä is approximately 149,000, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 193,000. It is Finland's 7th most populous municipality, and fifth most populous urban area.

Jyväskylä is located about 150 km (93 mi) northeast of Tampere, the third largest city in Finland; and about 270 km (170 mi) north of Helsinki, the national capital. The Jyväskylä sub-region includes Jyväskylä, Hankasalmi, Laukaa, Muurame, Petäjävesi, Toivakka, and Uurainen. Other neighbouring municipalities of Jyväskylä are Joutsa, Jämsä and Luhanka.

Jyväskylä is the largest city in the Central Finland and Finnish Lakeland region. Jyväskylä was one of the fastest growing cities in Finland during the 20th century;[10][11][12] in 1940, there were only 8,000 inhabitants in Jyväskylä.

Elias Lönnrot, the author of the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala, nicknamed the city "the Athens of Finland". This nickname refers to Jyväskylä's important role as an educational centre.[13] The works of the famous Finnish architect Alvar Aalto can be seen throughout the city. The city hosts the Rally Finland, which is part of the World Rally Championship. The annual Jyväskylä Arts Festival is also held in the city.

Etymology

[edit]

The second part of the city's name, kylä, means village. The first part of the city's name, jyväs-, looks like the stem of an adjective *jyvänen, derived from jyvä, "grain" (compare Wiktionary). Alternatively, it has been associated with Taxus, a genus of yews, and the Old Prussian word juwis. It has also been speculated that the word jyväs refers to the sun's reflection of the surface of the water.[14]

Erkki Fredrikson, the curator of the Museum of Central Finland, put forward a theory related to the name, that the origin word for the city's name was syväs and not jyväs, and that the name was once derived from Jyväsjoki (literally the "grain river"), which, according to Fredrikson's assumption, was actually called Syväsjoki (literally the "deep river"). However, the name Jyväsjoki was registered in 1506 for the region's first known resident, Heikki Ihanninpoika Jyväsjoki. His house was located at the mouth of the Äijälänjoki River, which in Fredrikson's opinion also supports the Syväsjoki theory. The village, known at the beginning as Jyväsjoki village, gradually transformed into Jyväskylä.[15]

History

[edit]
Jyväskylä town square in the early 20th century
Kirkkopuisto Park in the early 20th century
Kirkkopuisto Park in 2022

In the Jyväskylä region, there are archeological findings from the Stone Age. According to the oldest available taxation documents (maakirja), there were seven estates on the Jyväskylä region in 1539. One of them, the estate of Mattila, alone possessed the areas stretching from the village of Keljo to the villages of Vesanka and Palokka. The oldest estate in Jyväskylä continuously held by the same family is the estate of Lahti, which emerged when the estate of Mattila was split between two brothers in 1600.[16] The history of the Lahti family and estate have had a significant impact on the development of Jyväskylä region. Lahdenrinne, in the south-west corner of Jyväsjärvi lake, belongs to the old heartland of the estate of Lahti.[17]

The name Jyväskylä was mentioned in 1575 as Jyueskylä. Its name is derived from the lake Jyväsjärvi. A shorter form of the name, Jyväs (written Jyuexe) was mentioned slightly earlier in 1565 and again (this time written Jyues) in 1570.[18]

The City of Jyväskylä was founded on 22 March 1837, when Emperor of Russia and Grand Duke of Finland, Nicholas I of Russia, signed the charter of the city and the infrastructure was essentially built from scratch;[19] before that, Jyväskylä was a village belonging to the larger rural municipality of Laukaa, being the largest village of the whole parish.[20] At the times Finnish military battalion Suomen kaarti participated under his rule in military operations against the Polish November Uprising and later in Hungary, Turkey and Bessarabia (today Moldova). While Nicholas I of Russia abolished many autonomous areas, it has been argued, that the loyalty of Finnish military influenced his approach towards Finnish autonomy.[21] The original town was built between Lake Jyväsjärvi (which is connected to Lake Päijänne) and the Jyväskylä ridge (Harju), and consisted of most of the current grid-style city centre.

The establishment of schools in the 1850s and '60s proved to be the most significant step in regards to the later development of Jyväskylä. The first three Finnish-speaking schools in the world were founded in Jyväskylä, the lycée in 1858, the teachers’ college in 1863, and the girls’ school in 1864. Well-trained teaching staff and pupils from different parts of the country changed the atmosphere of Jyväskylä irrevocably.[22]

In the early 20th century, the town expanded several times. Most of today's Jyväskylä was built after the Continuation War, when evacuees from ceded territories were settled in the city, and housing was badly needed. During the 21st century Jyväskylä has grown fast – by over 1,000 inhabitants every year.[23]

Säynätsalo was consolidated with Jyväskylä in 1993, and Jyväskylän maalaiskunta and Korpilahti, for their part, on January 1, 2009.

Geography

[edit]

Jyväskylä is located on the northern coast of Lake Päijänne, 147 kilometres (91 mi) north-east of Tampere, 148 kilometres (92 mi) south-west of Kuopio and 270 kilometres (170 mi) north of Helsinki. The hilly and forested terrain in Jyväskylä is surrounded by hundreds of lakes. To reach Jyväskylä from the east, one needs to go through or pass the hill Kanavuori, which used to host a military depot full of ammunition and armaments.

Jyväskylä is located in the Finnish Lakeland. There are 328 lakes in the city, and lakes and rivers constitute 20,1% (295 km2; 114 sq mi) of the total area of the city. The city's largest lakes are Päijänne, Leppävesi, Tuomiojärvi, Palokkajärvi, Luonetjärvi, and Alvajärvi-Korttajärvi. The city center is located on the shores of a small Jyväsjärvi.[24]

  • View over lake Jyväsjärvi from Kuokkala bridge
    View over lake Jyväsjärvi from Kuokkala bridge
  • Frozen lake Jyväsjärvi in winter
    Frozen lake Jyväsjärvi in winter
  • Northern lake Päijänne near Säynätsalo
    Northern lake Päijänne near Säynätsalo
  • Channel connecting lakes Jyväsjärvi and Päijänne
    Channel connecting lakes Jyväsjärvi and Päijänne
  • View on Vaajavirta river from Naissaari island
    View on Vaajavirta river from Naissaari island
  • Lake Tuomiojärvi
    Lake Tuomiojärvi
  • Tourujoki in summertime
    Tourujoki in summertime
  • Tourujoki in wintertime
    Tourujoki in wintertime

The landscape in Jyväskylä is hilly, forested and full of waters. The architect Alvar Aalto compared the hilly landscape of Jyväskylä to Toscana in Italy: "The slope of Jyväskylä ridge is almost like the mountain vineyards of Fiesole".[25]

Climate

[edit]

The defined climate is a subarctic continental (Köppen: Dfc).[26] Because of its northern location, winters are long, snowy, cold, and dark. During midwinter, the city receives daylight for only around five hours. Summers are mild, with the average daily maximum temperature being 22 °C (72 °F) in July. During the summer, Jyväskylä experiences long daylight and white nights i.e. midnight twilight.[27]

Climate data for Jyväskylä Airport (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1959-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 7.8
(46.0) 		11.0
(51.8) 		16.2
(61.2) 		22.6
(72.7) 		29.3
(84.7) 		32.8
(91.0) 		34.2
(93.6) 		32.3
(90.1) 		26.2
(79.2) 		20.1
(68.2) 		13.2
(55.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		34.2
(93.6)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 3.3
(37.9) 		3.4
(38.1) 		8.6
(47.5) 		16.8
(62.2) 		24.3
(75.7) 		26.8
(80.2) 		28.1
(82.6) 		26.3
(79.3) 		20.4
(68.7) 		13.0
(55.4) 		7.6
(45.7) 		3.9
(39.0) 		29.3
(84.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −4.3
(24.3) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		0.9
(33.6) 		7.5
(45.5) 		15.0
(59.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		22.0
(71.6) 		19.8
(67.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		6.4
(43.5) 		1.2
(34.2) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		8.0
(46.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −7.3
(18.9) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		2.5
(36.5) 		9.1
(48.4) 		14.0
(57.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		14.6
(58.3) 		9.4
(48.9) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		3.8
(38.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −10.9
(12.4) 		−11.5
(11.3) 		−8.1
(17.4) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		2.8
(37.0) 		8.2
(46.8) 		11.2
(52.2) 		9.5
(49.1) 		5.1
(41.2) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−0.5
(31.1)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −26.4
(−15.5) 		−26.4
(−15.5) 		−20.3
(−4.5) 		−11.2
(11.8) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		0.8
(33.4) 		4.7
(40.5) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−8.8
(16.2) 		−14.4
(6.1) 		−20.7
(−5.3) 		−29.9
(−21.8)
Record low °C (°F) −38.5
(−37.3) 		−38.5
(−37.3) 		−32.7
(−26.9) 		−20.5
(−4.9) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		0.9
(33.6) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−9.2
(15.4) 		−19.3
(−2.7) 		−27.2
(−17.0) 		−34.8
(−30.6) 		−38.5
(−37.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 43
(1.7) 		33
(1.3) 		32
(1.3) 		33
(1.3) 		43
(1.7) 		67
(2.6) 		79
(3.1) 		67
(2.6) 		58
(2.3) 		65
(2.6) 		53
(2.1) 		50
(2.0) 		622
(24.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 22 18 15 12 13 15 16 15 16 19 21 22 204
Average snowy days 28.5 27.2 28.9 19.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 6.1 19.4 26.2 155.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 25 63 136 179 252 244 261 208 123 59 20 10 1,580
Source 1: FMI climatological normals for Finland 1991-2020[28] Weatheronline.co.uk[29]
Source 2: record highs and lows[30][31]

Demographics

[edit]

Population

[edit]

The city of Jyväskylä has 149,263 inhabitants, making it the 7th most populous municipality in Finland. The Jyväskylä region has a population of 192,786, making it the sixth largest region in Finland after Helsinki, Tampere, Turku, Oulu and Lahti. Jyväskylä is home to 3% of Finland's population. 6.1% of the population has a foreign background, which is lower than in the major Finnish cities of Helsinki, Espoo, Tampere, Vantaa or Turku.[32]

Jyväskylä was the fastest growing Finnish city in the 20th century. The population has continued to grow rapidly in the 21st century.[10][11]

Population size of Jyväskylä (and merged municipalities) 1980–2020[32]
Year Population
1980
96,966
1985
99,993
1990
103,921
1995
109,657
2000
116,519
2005
124,205
2010
130,816
2015
137,368
2020
145,943

Languages

[edit]

Population by mother tongue (2023)[33]

  Finnish (93.0%)
  Russian (1.3%)
  Farsi (0.5%)
  English (0.5%)
  Arabic (0.4%)
  Kurdish (0.3%)
  Chinese (0.3%)
  Other (3.8%)

Jyväskylä is the third largest monolingual Finnish-speaking municipality in Finland after Tampere and Oulu. There are 292 Swedish-speakers in Jyväskylä, i.e. they make up about 0.2% of the city's population.[33] As English and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon.

At least 100 different languages are spoken in Jyväskylä. The most widely spoken foreign languages are Russian (1.3%), Farsi (0.5%), English (0.5%) and Arabic (0.4%).[33]

Immigration

[edit]
Population by country of birth (2022)[32]
Nationality Population %
 Finland 136,897 93.8
 Soviet Union 1,133 0.8
 Sweden 765 0.5
 Russia 484 0.3
 Iran 420 0.3
 Afghanistan 395 0.3
 China 341 0.2
 Iraq 301 0.2
 Thailand 280 0.2
 Estonia 279 0.2
 Turkey 238 0.2
Other 4,354 2.9

As of 2023, 10,163 people with a migrant background lived in Jyväskylä, representing 6.9% of the population.[note 1] There are 10,277 residents who were born abroad, which makes up 7.0% of the population. The number of foreign citizens in Jyväskylä is 6,718.[33][35] Most foreign-born citizens come from the former Soviet Union, Sweden, Russia, Iran, and Afghanistan.[32]

The relative share of immigrants in Jyväskylä's population is below the national average. Nevertheless, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years.

Religion

[edit]
The Baptist church building located in Vaajakoski, Jyväskylä

In 2023, the Evangelical Lutheran Church was the largest religious group with 62.1% of the population of Jyväskylä. Other religious groups accounted for 3.1% of the population. 34.8% of the population had no religious affiliation.[36]

Military

[edit]

Jyväskylä hosts the headquarters of the Finnish Air Force, in Tikkakoski. As a central location, it has traditionally been important base for military operations. Jyväskylä became known as major firearms manufacturer (Tikkakoski) during the world wars, producing machine guns and ammunition.

According to reporting in Helsingin Sanomat, since the 1990s Jyväskylä has served as a signals intelligence collection site, primarily targeting military maneuvers around St. Petersburg.[37]

Economy

[edit]
Jyväskylä is a hub of IT. Innova Tower hosts multiple tech companies.

Because of excellent connections, Jyväskylä was a busy marketplace even before the first permanent settlements were founded in the current city centre.[38] The establishment of Finland's first three Finnish-speaking schools: the lycée in 1858, the teachers’ college in 1863, and the girls’ school in 1864 proved to be the most significant steps in regards to later development of Jyväskylä. Educational services became the heart of the economic growth of the city. In 1912 Wilhelm Schauman founded a plywood mill on the shores of Jyväsjärvi. Soon other kinds of forest based businesses opened factories and premises in the city. Thus, lumber, pulp, and paper became the second stronghold of the economy in Jyväskylä. Later, the high quality education and paper machinery industry tempted information technology businesses to settle in the city.[22]

Nowadays, the main sources of subsistence in Jyväskylä are educational and health care services, paper machinery production, information technology, and renewable energy. The most important private employers are paper machinery producer Metso ltd., retail trade company Keskimaa Cooperative Society, real estate service company ISS, and wind turbine gear manufacturer Moventas.[39] The biggest public employers are the City of Jyväskylä, the Central Finland Health Care District, the University of Jyväskylä, and the Air Force Academy.

J. Kärkkäinen discount store in Jyväskylä

As of 2010, only 1% of the labor force works on the primary sector, 21% on the secondary sector, and 78% on the service sector of the economy.[40]

In April 2012, the unemployment rate in Jyväskylä was 12.2%, which was higher than average in Finland (9.8% in 1/2012).[41] As of July 2012, there are about 61,000 jobs in Jyväskylä. The average income per income earner was €24,380 in 2010.[42]

In 2011, Jyväskylä topped in an image evaluation study among businesses. The city reached the highest score of large Finnish cities in the study, succeeding especially in the availability of skilled work force, on commercial services, on transport connections, and on geographical location.[43]

The Gross domestic product per capita in the city of Jyväskylä was €33,688 in 2005. The self-sufficiency in workplaces exceeded 100% in the city, raising the GDP per capita higher than the national average. The GDP per capita of the whole Jyväskylä region was €28,718 in 2007. The regional GDP per capita is lower than the Finnish national average, mainly due to high number of students and a relatively high unemployment rate.[44]

Culture

[edit]
Functionalistic Säynätsalo Town Hall by Alvar Aalto is open also for visitors interested in his architecture.
A German biplane Stieglitz in the Aviation Museum of Central Finland

Museums

[edit]

The Alvar Aalto Museum and the Museum of Central Finland form a center of culture in the immediate vicinity of the historical campus of the University of Jyväskylä. Both museums are designed by functionalist Alvar Aalto. The Alvar Aalto Museum displays the artist's most important work and design.[45] The Museum of Central Finland specializes in cultural history. It serves both as the town museum of Jyväskylä and the provincial museum of Central Finland.[46] In summer 2015 Alvar Aalto Foundation and the city of Jyväskylä launched an architect competition to connect the two museums.[47]

One of architect Aalto's most significant works, Säynätsalo Town Hall, is located in Säynätsalo island.[48]

The city hosts the Craft Museum of Finland, which presents a range of different handicraft techniques from across the country, as well as a centre dedicated to the conservation of textiles that serves private customers, museums and organisations. The National Costume Center of Finland forms a part of the museum.[49]

The Aviation Museum of Central Finland near the Jyväskylä Airport in Tikkakoski exhibits the aviation history of Finland.[50]

The University of Jyväskylä Museum is specialized in the history of the university and diversity of nature in Central Finland.[51]

Jyväskylä Art Museum, located the city centre is the regional art museum of Central Finland. In collaboration with the Centre for Creative Photography, the Jyväskylä Art Museum maintains The Ratamo Printmaking and Photography Centre. This centre consists of the Galleria Ratamo along with a printmaking workshop, photography studio and artist workspaces all situated in Jyväskylä's former roundhouse.[52]

In addition, historical churches in the city are open for public, most notables of them being the Taulumäki Church and the Jyväskylä City Church.

Theaters

[edit]

The biggest theater in the city is the Jyväskylä City Theatre, designed by Alvar Aalto. It stands right in the center of the city.[53]

In addition to the City Theatre, more than dozen amateur drama companies serve audiences of all ages. The most popular theatres include:

  • Huoneteatteri (The Room Theatre), Sammonkatu 4
  • Jyväskylä University Student Theatre, Student Union Building, Keskussairaalantie 2
  • Jyväskylän kansannäyttämö, Sammonkatu 7
  • AdAstra Theatre, Koskenharjuntie 8
  • Teatterikone, Köhniönkatu 31
  • Jyväskylän teatteriyhdistys Kulissi, Siltakatu 25
  • Improvisaatioteatteri Ässiä Hatusta, University Campus, Student Union Building, Keskussairaalantie 2[54]

Music

[edit]

In the 2010s, Jyväskylä earned a reputation as one of the most productive and high-quality rap music centers, and Jyväskylä has been titled in the media as the "capital of Finnish rap".[55][1] Gettomasa, among others, are rap artists from Jyväskylä who deserved their encouragement.[56][2]

Annual events

[edit]
Petter Solberg on the Killeri super special stage of the Rally Finland
  • Arctic and Fabulous Film Festival offers different forms and genres of Nordic film in the middle of most freezing winter season in February.[57]
  • Jyväskylä City's Birthday Week (last week of March) offers a number of concerts, theatre, exhibitions and debates around the city.[58]
  • Jyrock in April is an indie and alternative rock and pop festival.[59]
  • Lutakko liekeissä in August is a rock festival held in rock club Tanssisali Lutakko.[60]
  • Yläkaupungin Yö in May is one of the biggest annual street festivals of the city.[61]
  • Sataman Yö is an annual pop music festival organised one week before the midsummer in the harbour of Jyväskylä.[62]
  • Jyväskylä Arts Festival in the middle of July accommodates musicians, bands, contemporary circus, comedians, mimes, physical theatre, storytellers and film makers. It is one of the most well known festivals in Finland.[63]
  • Neste Oil Rally Finland in the end of July is the biggest annually organised event in Nordic countries and a part of the WRC World Rally Championships.[64]
  • Athenis Finlandiae organised in August is a cultural festival combining elements from ancient history, arts and science.[65]
  • Finlandia Marathon in the beginning of September is a marathon festival designed for everybody from a top athlete to an amateur jogger. Time of Dance – the largest annual festival of Finnish contemporary dance is taking place in the end of September.[66]
  • The International Print Triennial Graphica Creativa is organised every three years since 1975. It was the very first international graphic art exhibition in Finland. The latest triennial was organised in 2012.[67]

Sports

[edit]
Eino Kaakkolahti passing during a pesäpallo (Finnish baseball) match in 1958
Synergia-areena is the main ice hockey venue.
Killeri harness racing track
Jyväskylän Seudun Palloseura won the national bandy title in 2019. Here in the 2014 final.

The University of Jyväskylä is the only university in Northern Europe with a faculty of sports. The faculty has been a key player to develop a strong sports culture in the city, which is why Jyväskylä is also dubbed the "capital of Finnish sport".[3][68]

The city hosts the Secto Rally Finland (formerly known as the 1000 Lakes Rally).[69] It is the biggest annually organised public event in the Nordic countries, gathering over 500,000 spectators every year. The rally has been held since 1951, first as a national competition, then from 1959 on as a European Rally Championship event and since the introduction of the World Rally Championship in 1973, as Finland's WRC event.

Ice hockey venue Synergia-areena, Hippos Finnish baseball stadium, swimming hall AaltoAlvari, and many other primary sport venues of the city are located in Hippos, two kilometres (1.2 miles) away from the city centre. The Matti Nykänen ski jumping hill is located next to the Laajavuori ski resort just few kilometres west from the city centre. The main football stadium lies on the slopes of Harju just next to the city centre. The Killeri hippodrome on the western parts of the city serves different horse racing competitions. At winter time, amateur ice skaters can practice their skills in Viitaniemi or on the lake Jyväsjärvi, which has a 3.5 km (2.2 mi) long ice skating track.

The inventor of Finnish national sport pesäpallo, Lauri "Tahko" Pihkala, studied and lived in Jyväskylä. The Upper secondary school of Jyväskylän Lyseo hosted the historic event of first pesäpallo match in world in September 1920.[70][71]

Sports teams from Jyväskylä include:

The city hosted the 2006 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women Division B.

Government

[edit]
The Jyväskylä City Hall

The city council of Jyväskylä is the main decision-making body at the local level. Its 75 members are elected every fourth year in municipal elections. The city council elects the mayor. The current mayor is Timo Koivisto.[4]

Seat distribution in the city council

[edit]
Party Seats 2021[74] 2021 2017 2012 2008 2004 2000 1996 1992 1988 1984 1980 1976
Social Democrats 13 19,1% 19,3% 24,1% 26,6% 29,9% 31,9% 33,7% 35,8% 33,3% 32,4% 33,0% 33,1%
National Coalition Party 13 18,3% 17,4% 18,6% 21,0% 20,0% 20,6% 22,9% 20,0% 25,7% 25,4% 25,7% 23,8%
Green League 12 17,4% 19,9% 11,1% 11,7% 11,5% 11,4% 10,3% 10,0% 2,8% 3,7% - -
Centre Party 9 13,6% 15,9% 17,0% 19,1% 19,1% 17,3% 13,3% 10,2% 12,1% 12,1% 9,7% 7,0%
Left Alliance 7 9,8% 10,1% 9,2% 8,5% 9,0% 9,6% 11,0% 13,3% 15,7% 16,5% 19,8% 22,1%
True Finns 9 12,9% 8,1% 11,6% 4,5% 0,3% - - 2,8% 4,2% 4,8% 1,1% 1,1%
Christian Democrats 4 5,7% 6,4% 5,7% 5,8% 6,3% 6,9% 7,1% 5,2% 4,0% 4,3% 5,4% 5,6%
Communist Party 0 2,2% 0,7% 1,2% 1,8% 2,4% 3,5% 1,9% - - - - -
Swedish People's Party 0 0,3% 0,1% 0,0% 0,2% 0,2% 0,2% 0,3% 0,4% 0,6% 0,6% 0,6% -
Pirate Party 0 - 1,4% 0,8% - - - - - - - - -
Others 0 3,3% 0,2% 0,2% 0,1% 0,1% 0,2% 1,5% 2,3% 1,7% 0,1% 4,7% 7,3%

The prevalence of the social democratic party can be explained in part by the Vaajakoski, a major industrial center historically that is currently part of Jyväskylä, and its heritage of industrial workers voting social democrats.

Jyväskylä was the only place during the 2017 municipal elections where the Green League was the largest party.[75]

Administrative division

[edit]
Main article: Districts of Jyväskylä

The city of Jyväskylä is divided into fourteen wards (suuralueet; storområden), which are further divided into 89 districts. The ward division does not always follow district boundaries.

Lutakko is a neighbourhood close to the city centre.

The following is a listing of the 14 wards of Jyväskylä by population, as of November 2010[76]

  1. Kantakaupunki (city centre), population 25,149
  2. Kuokkala, population 16,904
  3. Vaajakoski-Jyskä, population 14,588
  4. Palokka-Puuppola, population 14,395
  5. Kypärämäki-Kortepohja, population 10,537
  6. Huhtasuo, population 8,691
  7. Keltinmäki-Myllyjärvi, population 7,524
  8. Keljo, population 5,494
  9. Halssila, population 5,479
  10. Tikkakoski-Nyrölä, population 5,401
  11. Korpilahti, population 4,993
  12. Lohikoski-Seppälänkangas, population 4,650
  13. Säynätsalo, population 3,340
  14. Kuohu-Vesanka, population 2,118

Former city managers

[edit]

Cityscape

[edit]
Summer view from Harju
Winter view from Harju
The Kortepohja residential area, showcasing historic 1960s architecture

Jyväskylä was founded in the northern end of the lake Päijänne at the crossroads of three major waterways. Lakes control the cityscape.[22] The city grid plan from 1833 by Jacob Leonard Boringh can be well recognised in the city center.[78] Nevertheless, due to very rapid population growth, the cityscape has gone through one of the most massive changes in all of Finland.[79]

Nowadays, Jyväskylä is a city of modern architecture. The city has more buildings designed by one of the best known international functionalist architects Alvar Aalto than any other city in the world.[80]

The establishment of schools in the 1850s and 1860s proved to be the most important step from the point of view of the later development of Jyväskylä.[22] The headquarters of the University of Jyväskylä are considered to be Aalto's masterpieces. Later, a modern architect Arto Sipinen, a pupil of Aalto, has influenced the cityscape since the 1970s by designing most of the new university buildings in the city.

The outskirts of the city are mainly populated by student apartments and single-family houses. Some of the most important buildings, like Säynätsalo Town Hall, designed by Aalto are located outside the city centre in Säynätsalo and Muuratsalo.

Consolidated areas Korpilahti, Jyväskylän maalaiskunta, Säynätsalo and also western parts of Jyväskylä are mainly countryside dominated by hilly forests and lakes.

A 360 degree panorama of Jyväskylä taken from the Horisontti building. From left to right: Lutakko with the city centre and Harju in the background, lake Jyväsjärvi, Kuokkala bridge with Kuokkala neighbourhood and Kuokkala water tower in the background, and Ylistönrinne campus.

Transport

[edit]
S81 passing Pumperinmäki at Jyväskylä. Jyväskylä is in the crossroads of main road and railway networks.

Jyväskylä railway station is served by VR direct trains to Helsinki, Pieksämäki, Tampere, Turku, Vaasa and many other destinations in Finland. The station was extensively modernised in 2002.

Jyväskylä Airport is situated in Tikkakoski, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Jyväskylä. It has regular direct flights to Helsinki Airport. The airport serves also as a military and charter airport.

The city is on crossroads of many main roads of Finland. Highway 4 (E75) passes the city from south to north, and Highway 9 (E63) from southeast to northwest. Highway 23 between Pori and Joensuu also runs through Jyväskylä.

Jyväskylä harbour is home to many passenger ships operating on lake Päijänne. During summer time, there are direct ship connections to Lahti, Jämsä, Suolahti, Viitasaari, and some other cities.

The public transportation system of Jyväskylä is managed by the city under the Linkki brand and operated under contract to the city by Jyväskylän liikenne, Länsilinjat and Mennään Bussilla.[81] It is based on bus lines.

Education

[edit]
University of Jyväskylä Ylistönrinne Campus

Jyväskylä is a traditional centre of education. Including school children, and the students in high schools, vocational schools, the university of applied sciences, and the universities, the number of students and pupils in the city reaches 45,000, boosting Jyväskylä's reputation as a "student city". Over 30% of the city population are students.[82] A number of firsts in Finnish education have taken place in Jyväskylä:

  • Jyväskylä Lyceum (Finnish: Jyväskylän Lyseon lukio) is the world's first junior secondary school with Finnish as the language of instruction.[83] It started its first term on 1 October 1858 and turned 160 years old in 2018. Lyceum still exists and is one of the three upper secondary schools in the city.
  • The first Finnish-medium teacher training college (1863)
  • The first Finnish-medium school for girls (1864)
  • Finland's first Summer University (1912)
Main building of the University of Jyväskylä designed by Alvar Aalto

Due to this, among other things, the city has earned the nickname Athens of Finland. The teacher training college later evolved into the College of Education (1934) and further into the multidisciplinary University of Jyväskylä (1966).

The University of Jyväskylä is one of the most popular universities in Finland.[citation needed] Almost 16,000 students are enrolled to study for a bachelor's or master's degree, and the university also offers PhD programs in most of its subjects. Historically, the university has excelled in the study of education, but in the last few decades it has also gained respect in the sciences. It is the only university in Finland offering university-level education in sports, training sports teachers and coaches. Today the university offers also Cyber Security degrees, in close co-operation with the Finnish Defence Forces.[84] According to the Ministry of Employment and the Economy the city has been acknowledged in 2013 as the Cyber Security City, providing a portfolio of Cyber Security related studies and activities.[85]

JAMK University of Applied Sciences has 8.000 students. It has four different units: School of Business and Services Management, School of Health and Social Studies, School of Technology and Teacher Education College.[86] HUMAK University of Applied Sciences educates cultural management in Jyväskylä.

Notable people

[edit]
Stand-up comedian, Ismo Leikola
Finnish bluegrass country band, Steve 'n' Seagulls
Ski jumping champion, Matti Nykänen

Artists

Engineers/Aviators

Music groups

Politicians

Sports

International relations

[edit]
The Stavanger Park, close to the city center, is named after Jyväskylä's Norwegian twin city Stavanger.
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland

Twin towns — Sister cities — Friendship cities

[edit]

Jyväskylä is a member city of Eurotowns network[87] and is twinned with:[88]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Statistics Finland classifies a person as having a "foreign background" if both parents or the only known parent were born abroad.[34]
  2. ^ All cooperation with Yaroslav has been halted since March 2022 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[89]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Ossi Valpio: "Jyväskylä on Suomen hiphop-pääkaupunki" - Surkkari.fi". Surkkari.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 2018-03-12. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  2. ^ a b "Suomiräpin pääkaupungissa kuplii pinnan alla – ainakin nämä tulokkaat kannattaa painaa mieleen". Klangi (in Finnish). 2019-09-02. Archived from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  3. ^ a b "16 reasons why Jyväskylä is the Capital of Sport in Finland". Archived from the original on 2021-04-30. Retrieved 2021-04-30.
  4. ^ a b Timo Koivistosta Jyväskylän uusi kaupunginjohtaja Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Yle. 10 Nov 2014. (in Finnish)
  5. ^ "Area of Finnish Municipalities 1.1.2018" (PDF). National Land Survey of Finland. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  6. ^ "Finland's preliminary population figure was 5,635,560 at the end of October 2024". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 2024-11-19. ISSN 1797-5395. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
  7. ^ "Population growth biggest in nearly 70 years". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 2024-04-26. ISSN 1797-5395. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  8. ^ "Population according to age (1-year) and sex by area and the regional division of each statistical reference year, 2003–2020". StatFin. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  9. ^ a b "Luettelo kuntien ja seurakuntien tuloveroprosenteista vuonna 2023". Tax Administration of Finland. 14 November 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  10. ^ a b "A short history of Jyväskylä". City of Jyväskylä. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
  11. ^ a b "Jyväskylän kaupungin elinkeinoelämän vaikuttavuus 1990-luvulla" (PDF). University of Jyväskylä. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  12. ^ "Mouvement de la Population de Finlande en 1939" (PDF). Official Finnish population statistics 1939. Finnish Government. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-30. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  13. ^ Tervoja, Pia (August 2008). "Bene veniatis in urbem Jyväskylä". City of Jyväskylä. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  14. ^ Kosonen, Ilmari (28 February 2005). "Miten Sissoset muinoin saivat nimensä jousipuusta?". Saunan synty. Sissosten sukuseura ry. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  15. ^ Kakkori, Satu (April 6, 2009). "Jyväskylän nimi saattaa perustua väärintulkintaan". Keskisuomalainen (in Finnish). Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
  16. ^ Berndtson, Nils (1983), Lahden talon ja suvun varhaisista vaiheista, Keski-Suomen museon monistesarja 2/1983, Jyväskylän kaupunki, Finland: Keski-Suomen museo, pp. 1–23, ISSN 0357-8186
  17. ^ Hallikas, Jarmo (2010). "Ritoniemi hämäläisten eräalueesta viihtyisäksi asuinalueeksi". Jarmo Hallikas. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  18. ^ "SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf" (PDF). kaino.kotus.fi (in Finnish). p. 115. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  19. ^ Landström, Rita (2007). "Jyväskylä - Suomen Ateena". Yle. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  20. ^ 1837-1880: KYLÄ KULKUREITTIEN RISTEYSPAIKASSA – Jyväskylän lyhyt historia Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)
  21. ^ Gripenberg G.A.: Lifgardets 3 finska skarpskyttebataljon 1812-1905
  22. ^ a b c d Jäppinen, Jussi; Voutilainen, Heli-Maija (2003). "Schools for non-Swedish Speakers". From Marketplace to a Wonderful Town - A Brief Introduction to the History of Jyväskylä. City of Jyväskylä. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  23. ^ "Jyväskylän kaupungin väestöarvio". Väestötilastoja. City of Jyväskylä. 2012. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  24. ^ "Jyväskylä". Järviwiki. Finland's Environmental Administration. 2012. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  25. ^ Nature and space: Aalto and Le Corbusier. Routledge. 2003. ISBN 9780415281256. Archived from the original on 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
  26. ^ "Jyvaskyla, Finland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  27. ^ "Sunrise and sunset times in Jyväskylä". www.timeanddate.com. Archived from the original on 2022-10-23. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  28. ^ "FMI normals 1991-2020" (PDF). fmi.fi. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  29. ^ "Weatheronline.co.uk".
  30. ^ "FMI open data". FMI. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  31. ^ "FMI open data (Taulukkotilasto: Jyväskylä lentoasema)". FMI. Archived from the original on 22 June 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  32. ^ a b c d "Number of foreign-language speakers grew by nearly 38,000 persons". Statistics Finland. 31 May 2023. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  33. ^ a b c d "Population growth biggest in nearly 70 years". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 2024-04-26. ISSN 1797-5395. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  34. ^ "Persons with foreign background". Statistics Finland. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  35. ^ "Population structure 2000-2022, urban-rural classification". Statistics Finland. 26 May 2023. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  36. ^ Key figures on population by region, 1990-2023 Statistics Finland
  37. ^ Fitsanakis, Joseph (December 19, 2017). "Journalist destroys computer with hammer during security raid in Finland". intelNews. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2017. Based on classified documents dating as far back as 1999, the article claims that the Finnish intelligence services have operated the top-secret program in Jyväskylä for years. It focuses on monitoring the maneuvers of Russian military units stationed around the St. Petersburg area, allegedly by tracking electromagnetic radiation emissions.
  38. ^ Tommila, Päiviö (1972). Jyväskylän kaupungin historia 1837–1965. I osa [History of Jyväskylä City. Vol I.] (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: City of Jyväskylä. pp. 17–18. ISBN 951-95011-2-6.
  39. ^ "Jyväskylä 2011". City of Jyväskylä. 2 December 2011. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  40. ^ "Business". City of Jyväskylä. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  41. ^ Lauri Hiltunen (21 February 2012). "Keski-Suomen työllisyyskatsaus tammikuu 2012". Central Finland Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  42. ^ "Jyväskylä pähkinänkuoressa". City of Jyväskylä. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  43. ^ Anna Kivinen (2 December 2011). "Jyväskylän imago kestää edelleen". Keskisuomalainen. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  44. ^ Erkki Niemi (2 September 2009). "Faktoista tulevaisuudeksi - muutosten fundamentit; Aluetaloudet ja työssäkäyntialueet faktojen valossa" (PDF). Statistics Finland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  45. ^ finnishdesign.com (2015). "Alvar Aalto Museum". finnishdesign.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  46. ^ Jyväskylän kaupunki (2015). "Museum of Central Finland". City of Jyväskylä. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  47. ^ Karissa Rosenfield (29 June 2015). "Alvar Aalto Foundation Launches Competition to Form Museum Center in Jyväskylä". arch daily. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  48. ^ Quantrill, Malcolm (2012). Finnish Architecture and the Modernist Tradition, p. 108. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1135822794, 9781135822798.
  49. ^ Yannick Ilunga (8 August 2013). "Craft Museum of Finland". Helsinki Times. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  50. ^ Tripadvisor. "Keski-Suomen Ilmailumuseo". Tripadvisor Times. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  51. ^ "Jyväskylä University Museum". Jyväskylä University. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  52. ^ Jyväskylän kaupunki. "Jyväskylä Art Museum". City of Jyväskylä. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  53. ^ Satu Heikkinen (17 January 2011). "50th anniversary of Jyväskylä City Theatre". City of Jyväskylä. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  54. ^ "Theatres". University of Jyväskylä. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  55. ^ "Jyväskylän hiphop-piirien keskeisimmät nimet pysyttelevät tarkoituksella laidalla isommassa kuvassa – haastattelussa Rekami & Joniveli". FUM.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 2018-03-12. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  56. ^ "Jyväskylä räp: Neljännen aallon aika". Jyväskylän Ylioppilaslehti (in Finnish). 2019-10-28. Archived from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  57. ^ "Arctic Heat Film Festival 2015". Arktisen upeeta -festivaali. Archived from the original on 12 February 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  58. ^ "Tapahtumat" (in Finnish). Jyväskylän kaupungin kulttuuripalvelut. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  59. ^ "Jyrock In English". JYY. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  60. ^ "Lutakko liekeissä info". Jelmu. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  61. ^ "Yläkaupungin yö 2015 Festival". Yläkaupungin yö ry. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  62. ^ "Jyväskylän kesä alkaa Sataman yöstä" (in Finnish). Sataman yö. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  63. ^ "Jyväskylä Festival in a Nutshell". Jyväskylän kesä. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  64. ^ "Neste Oil Rally Finland - More Than a Rally - Info". Neste Oil Rally Finland. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  65. ^ "Nordic Countries and Cultures in Athenis Finlandie 2015 - Culture Event". Athenis Finlandieae. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  66. ^ "Finlandia Marathon 2016" (in Finnish). Finlandia Marathon. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  67. ^ "The 13th International Printmaking Triennial. Naapurit Neighbours. Graphica Creativa 2012". Jyväskylä Art Museum. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  68. ^ Why is Jyväskylä The Capital of Sport? Archived 2023-05-17 at the Wayback Machine – Jyvaskyla.fi
  69. ^ Neste Rally Finland Archived 2023-05-17 at the Wayback Machine – Kosunen Racing
  70. ^ Karhunen, Marjo; Kettunen, Marja; Villaume, Marie; Claudel, Stéphanie (28 May 2002). "Sports: Jyväskylä and Epinal". Epinal and Jyväskylä: Town History Project. Jyväskylä Lyceum. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  71. ^ Esa Sironen (2001–2003). "Kun pesäpallosta tuli pesäpalloa". Pitkäpallosta playoffseihin. Suomalaisuuskeskus Finnica. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  72. ^ "JPS - JPS on Suomen Mestari 2019". Archived from the original on 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2019-03-10.
  73. ^ Team picture after the victory[permanent dead link‍]
  74. ^ "Jyväskylä: Tulos puolueittain ja yhteislistoittain". Ministry of Justice. 22 June 2021. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  75. ^ "Temporary Greens chair refuses to speculate on leadership bid as party bleeds support | News | Yle Uutiset". 21 October 2018. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  76. ^ "Tietoja Jyväskylästä suuralueittain". City of Jyväskylä. 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  77. ^ "Andersson eläkkeelle – Jyväskylä pohtii pormestaria". Yle Uutiset. 3 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  78. ^ Arja Liinamaa (16 March 2005). "Kaunis kaupunki selkeytyy". Jyväskylä lehti. City of Jyväskylä. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  79. ^ Liisa Harjula (March 2005). "Summary: Have you ever seen a beautiful town?". Väitös: Jyväskylän keskustan kaupunkirakenne hajosi 1950-70-luvuilla (Jäppinen). University of Jyväskylä. Archived from the original on 2012-04-14. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  80. ^ "Travel in Jyväskylä Region - Places to Visit". Jyväskylä Regional Tourist Information. 2012. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  81. ^ "Järjestäjä, liikennöitsijä ja päätöksenteko". Linkki - Jyväskylän seudun joukkoliikenne. Jyväskylän kaupunki. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  82. ^ "Tervetuloa opiskelemaan Jyväskylään". City of Jyväskylä. 2012. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  83. ^ "Siksi Jyväskylän Lyseon lukioon" [Choose Jyväskylän Lyseon lukio because]. Gradia (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 2021-05-12. Retrieved 2018-10-06. Lyseo on edelläkävijä: ensimmäinen suomenkielinen lukio. Lyseossa yhdistyvät jo vuodesta 1858 alkavat akateemiset perinteet ja tulevaisuuden taidot. [In English: Lyseo is a pioneer: the first Finnish speaking upper secondary school. In Lyseo academic traditions and the skills of the future have combined since the year 1858]
  84. ^ "Kyberturvallisuuden maisteriopinnot". Informaatioteknologian tiedekunta. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  85. ^ "Julkaisut" (PDF). Työ- ja elinkeinoministeriö. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  86. ^ "Creating Competence". JAMK University of Applied Sciences. 25 January 2011. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  87. ^ "Eurotowns". Archived from the original on 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2012-11-19.
  88. ^ "Twin cities". City of Jyväskylä. 26 January 2018. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  89. ^ "Yksimielinen päätös: Jyväskylä jäädyttää ystävyyskaupunkisuhteen ja tukee Ukrainaa 100 000 eurolla". Keskisuomalainen (in Finnish). 2022-03-02. Archived from the original on 2023-04-23. Retrieved 2023-03-31.

Further reading

[edit]
History
  • Kokko, Marja (2007). Jyväskylän kaupungin historia 1965–2007 (in Finnish). Helsinki: City of Jyväskylä. ISBN 978-952-5332-96-4.
  • Tommila, Päiviö (1970). Jyväskylän kaupungin historia 1837–1965 (in Finnish). Vol. II. Jyväskylä: City of Jyväskylä. ISBN 951-95011-0-X.
  • Tommila, Päiviö (1972). Jyväskylän kaupungin historia 1837–1965 (in Finnish). Vol. I. Jyväskylä: City of Jyväskylä. ISBN 951-95011-2-6.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jyväskylä.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jyväskylä&oldid=1260884221"