Global multihazard mortality risks and distribution (2005) for cyclones, drought, earthquakes, floods, landslides, and volcanoes (excluding heat waves, snowstorms, and other deadly hazards).
A natural disaster is a sudden event that causes widespread destruction, major collateral damage, or loss of life, brought about by forces other than the acts of human beings. A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslide, hurricanes, etc. To be classified as a disaster, it must have profound environmental effects and/or loss of life and frequently causes financial loss.
Ten deadliest natural disasters by highest estimated death toll excluding epidemics and famines [ edit ]
This list takes into account only the highest estimated death toll for each disaster and lists them accordingly. It does not include epidemics and famines . The list also does not include the 1938 Yellow River flood , which was caused by the deliberate destruction of dikes.
Death toll (Highest estimate)
Event
Location
Date
4,000,000 [ 1] [ a]
1931 China floods
China
July 1931
2,000,000 [ 2] [ 3] [ 4]
1887 Yellow River flood
September 1887
655,000 [ 5]
1976 Tangshan earthquake
July 28, 1976
500,000 [ 6] [ 1]
1970 Bhola cyclone
East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
November 13, 1970
316,000 [ 7]
2010 Haiti earthquake
Haiti
January 12, 2010
300,000 [ 8]
526 Antioch earthquake
Byzantine Empire (now Hatay/Turkey)
May 526
≈300,000 [ 9]
1839 Coringa cyclone
Andhra Pradesh , India
November 25, 1839
≈300,000 [ 10]
1737 Calcutta cyclone
Bengal , India
October 1737
273,407 [ 11]
1920 Haiyuan earthquake
China
December 16, 1920
230,000 [ 12]
1139 Ganja earthquake
Seljuk Empire (present-day Azerbaijan )
September 30, 1139
Deadliest natural disasters by year excluding epidemics and famines [ edit ]
Year
Death tolls
Event
Countries affected
Type
Date
1900
6,000–12,000
1900 Galveston hurricane
United States
Tropical cyclone
September 9
1901
9,500
1901 eastern United States heat wave
United States
Heat wave
June–July
1902
29,000
1902 eruption of Mount Pelée
Martinique
Volcanic eruption
April–August
1903
3,500
1903 Manzikert earthquake
Turkey
Earthquake
April 29
1904
400
1904 Sichuan earthquake
China
August 30
1905
20,000+
1905 Kangra earthquake
India
April 4
1906
15,000
1906 Hong Kong typhoon
Hong Kong,China
Tropical cyclone
September 18
1907
12,000–15,000
1907 Qaratog earthquake
Uzbekistan
Earthquake
October 21
1908
75,000–82,000
1908 Messina earthquake
Italy
December 28
1909
6,000–8,000
1909 Borujerd earthquake
Iran
January 23
1910
2,450
1910 Costa Rica earthquakes
Costa Rica
May 4
1911
41,072[ 13]
1911 France heat wave
France
Heat wave
June–August
1912
50,000–220,000
1912 China typhoon
China
Tropical cyclone
August 29
1913
942–1,900
1913 Eshan earthquake
China
Earthquake
December 21
1914
2,344
1914 Burdur earthquake
Turkey
October 4
1915
29,978-32,610
1915 Avezzano earthquake
Italy
January 13
1916
2,000–10,000
White Friday avalanches
Italy
Avalanche
December 13
1917
1,500
1917 Bali earthquake
Indonesia
Earthquake
January 21
1918
1,000
1918 Shantou earthquake
China
February 13
1919
5,000
1919 Kelud mudflow
Indonesia
Volcanic eruption
May 19
1920
258,707–273,407
1920 Haiyuan earthquake
China, Mongolia
Earthquake
December 16
1921
215
September 1921 San Antonio floods
United States
Flood
September 7 –11
1922
50,000–100,000+
1922 Shantou typhoon
Philippines, China
Tropical cyclone
July 27 –August 3
1923
105,385-142,800
1923 Great Kantō earthquake
Japan
Earthquake
September 1
1924
1,000
Great flood of 99
India
Flood
July
1925
5,000
1925 Dali earthquake
China
Earthquake
March 16
1926
709
1926 Havana–Bermuda hurricane
Cuba, United States, Bahamas, Bermuda
Tropical cyclone
October 14 –28
1927
40,912
1927 Gulang earthquake
China, Tibet
Earthquake
May 22
1928
4,112+
1928 Okeechobee hurricane
United States, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Bahamas, Dominica,
Tropical cyclone
September 12 –21
1929
3,257–3,800
1929 Kopet Dag earthquake
Iran, Turkmenistan
Earthquake
May 1
1930
2,000–8,000
1930 San Zenón hurricane
Dominican Republic
Tropical cyclone
September 3
1931
422,499–4,000,000
1931 China floods
China
Flood
July – November
1932
3,103+
1932 Cuba hurricane
Cayman Islands, Cuba
Tropical cyclone
November 9
1933
6,865–9,300
1933 Diexi earthquake
China
Earthquake
August 25
1934
10,700–12,000
1934 Nepal–India earthquake
Nepal, India
January 15
1935
145,000
1935 Yangtze flood
China
Flood
July 6
1936
5,000+
1936 North American heat wave
United States, Canada
Heat wave
June – September
1937
11,021
1937 Great Hong Kong typhoon
China
Tropical cyclone
September 2
1938
715+
1938 Hanshin flood
Japan
Flood
July
1939
32,700–32,968
1939 Erzincan earthquake
Turkey
Earthquake
December 27
1940
1,000
1940 Vrancea earthquake
Romania
November 10
1941
1,200
1941 Jabal Razih earthquake
Yemen
January 11
1942
61,000
1942 West Bengal cyclone
India
Tropical cyclone
October 14 – 18
1943
2,824-5,000
1943 Tosya–Ladik earthquake
Turkey
Earthquake
November 27
1944
10,000
1944 San Juan earthquake
Argentina
January 15
1945
4,000
1945 Balochistan earthquake
Pakistan
November 28
1946
2,550
1946 Dominican Republic earthquake
Dominican Republic
August 4
1947
1,077
Typhoon Kathleen
Japan
Tropical cyclone
September 15
1948
10,000–110,000
1948 Ashgabat earthquake
Soviet Union, Iran
Earthquake
October 6
1949
7,200
1949 Khait earthquake
Tajikistan
Earthquake
July 10
1950
4,800
1950 Assam-Tibet earthquake
India, China
August 15
1951
4,800
1951 Manchuria flood
China
Flood
September 18
1952
2,336
1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake
Russia
Earthquake
November 4
1953
2,551
North Sea flood of 1953
Netherlands, Belgium, England, Scotland
Flood
January 31–February 1
1954
33,000
1954 Yangtze floods
China
June – September
1955
1,023+
Hurricane Janet
Lesser Antilles, Mexico
Tropical cyclone
September 22 – 30
1956
4,935
Typhoon Wanda
China
August 1
1957
1,500
1957 Sangchal earthquake
Iran
Earthquake
July 2
1958
1,269
Typhoon Ida
Japan
Tropical cyclone
September 26
1959
5,098
Typhoon Vera
1960
14,174
Severe Cyclonic Storm Ten
East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
October 31
1961
11,468
Cyclone Winnie
May 6 – 9
1962
50,935
Tropical Storm Harriet
Thailand, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
October 19 – 31
1963
22,000
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Two
East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
May 28
1964
7,000
Tropical Storm Joan
Vietnam
November 4 – 11
1965
47,000
1965 Bengal cyclones
East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
May 11 – 12 and June 1 – 2
1966
8,064
1966 Xingtai earthquakes
China
Earthquake
March 22
1967
10,000
1967 Paradip cyclone[ 14]
India
Tropical cyclone
October 26
1968
15,000
1968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows earthquakes
Iran
Earthquake
August 31
1969
3,000
1969 Yangjiang earthquake
China
July 26
1970
300,000-500,000
1970 Bhola cyclone
India, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
Tropical cyclone
November 13
1971
100,000
Hanoi and Red River Delta flood
North Vietnam
Flood
August 1
1972
5,374
1972 Qir earthquake
Iran
Earthquake
April 10
1973
2,175–2,204
1973 Luhuo earthquake
China
February 6
1974
8,210+
Hurricane Fifi–Orlene
Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico
Tropical cyclone
September 18 – 20
1975
26,000-240,000
1975 Banqiao Dam Failure disaster triggered by Typhoon Nina
China
August 7
1976
242,419–655,000
1976 Tangshan earthquake
Earthquake
July 28
1977
10,000–50,000
1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone
India
Tropical cyclone
November 19
1978
15,000–25,000
1978 Tabas earthquake
Iran
Earthquake
September 16
1979
2,078
Hurricane David
Dominican Republic, Dominica
Tropical cyclone
August 15 – September 8
1980
2,633-5,000
1980 El Asnam earthquake
Algeria
Earthquake
October 10
1981
3,000
1981 Golbaf earthquake
Iran
June 11
1982
2,800
1982 North Yemen earthquake
Yemen
December 13
1983
1,342
1983 Erzurum earthquake
Turkey
October 30
1984
1,474
Typhoon Ike
Philippines
Tropical cyclone
August 26 – September 6
1985
23,000
Armero tragedy
Colombia
Volcanic eruption
November 13
1986
1,746
Lake Nyos disaster
Cameroon
Limnic eruption
August 21
1987
1,000
1987 Ecuador earthquakes
Ecuador
Earthquake
March 6
1988
25,000-50,000
1988 Armenian earthquake
Armenia
December 7
1989
3,814
1989 Sichuan flood
China
Flood
July 27
1990
35,000-45,000
1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake
Iran
Earthquake
June 21
1991
138,866
1991 Bangladesh cyclone
Bangladesh
Tropical cyclone
April 24 – 30
1992
2,500
1992 Flores earthquake and tsunami
Indonesia
Earthquake, Tsunami
December 12
1993
9,748
1993 Latur earthquake
India
Earthquake
September 30
1994
3,063
Typhoon Fred
China, Taiwan
Tropical cyclone
August 21
1995
6,434
Great Hanshin earthquake
Japan
Earthquake
January 17
1996
1,077
1996 Andhra Pradesh cyclone
India
Tropical cyclone
November 4 – 7
1997
3,123
Tropical Storm Linda
Vietnam, Thailand
Tropical cyclone, Flood
November 1 – 9
1998
11,374
Hurricane Mitch
Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico
Tropical cyclone
October 22 – November 9
1999
10,000-30,000
Vargas tragedy
Venezuela
Mudslide, Flood
December 14 – 16
2000
700–800
2000 Mozambique flood
Mozambique
Flood
February – March
Year
Death toll
Event
Countries affected
Type
Date
2001
13,805–20,023
2001 Gujarat earthquake
India
Earthquake
January 26
2002
1,200
2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes
Afghanistan
March 25
2003
72,000
2003 European heat wave
Europe
Heat wave
July – August
2004
227,898
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Maldives, Somalia
Earthquake, Tsunami
December 26
2005
86,000–87,351
2005 Kashmir earthquake
India, Pakistan
Earthquake
October 8
2006
5,749–5,778
2006 Yogyakarta earthquake
Indonesia
May 26
2007
15,000
Cyclone Sidr
Bangladesh, India
Tropical cyclone
November 11 – 16
2008
138,373
Cyclone Nargis
Myanmar
April 27 – May 3
2009
1,115
2009 Sumatra earthquakes
Indonesia
Earthquake
September 30
2010
100,000–316,000
2010 Haiti earthquake
Haiti
Earthquake
January 12
2011
19,749
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Japan
Earthquake, Tsunami
March 11
2012
1,901
Typhoon Bopha
Philippines
Tropical cyclone
December 4 – 5
2013
6,340
Typhoon Haiyan
Philippines, Vietnam, China
November 8 – 10
2014
2,700
2014 Badakhshan mudslides
Afghanistan
Landslide
May 2
2015
8,964
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
Nepal, India
Earthquake
April 25
2016
1,111[ 15]
2016 Indian heat wave
India
Heat wave
April – May
2017
3,059
Hurricane Maria
Puerto Rico, Dominica
Tropical cyclone
September 19 – 21
2018
4,340
2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami
Indonesia
Earthquake, Tsunami
September 28
2019
3,951+
2019 European heat waves
Europe
Heat wave
June – July
2020
6,511
2020 South Asian floods
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
Flood
May – October
2021
2,248
2021 Haiti earthquake
Haiti
Earthquake
August 14
2022
24,501
2022 European heatwaves
Europe
Heat wave
June 12 – September 12
2023
59,259–62,013
2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
Turkey, Syria
Earthquake
February 6
2024
1,084
2024 Afghanistan-Pakistan floods
Afghanistan, Pakistan
Floods
6 March 2024 – 4 September 2024[ 16]
Lists of deadliest natural disasters by cause [ edit ]
Avalanches/landslides (or landslips)[ edit ]
Rank
Death toll (estimate)
Event
Location
Date
1.
100,000
1786 Dadu River landslide dam ; triggered by the 1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake [ 17]
China
1786
1920 Haiyuan landslides; triggered by the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake [ 17]
1920
3.
70,001 +
Landslides triggered by the 1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake .[ 18]
1718
4.
22,000
1970 Huascarán avalanche ; triggered by the 1970 Ancash earthquake [ 19]
Peru
1970
5.
10,000 –30,000
Vargas tragedy [ 20]
Venezuela
1999
10,000
White Friday avalanches [ 21] [ 22]
Italy
1916
7.
5,000 –28,000
Khait landslide [ 23] [ 24]
Tajikistan
1949
8.
4,000 –6,000
1941 Huaraz avalanche[ 25]
Peru
1941
4,000
1962 Huascarán avalanche[ 19]
1962
10.
3,466
1310 Western Hubei landslide[ 17]
China
1310
Death counts are historical totals unless indicated otherwise.
Events in boldface are ongoing.
Rank
Death toll (estimate)
Event
Location
Date
1.
242,419 –655,000[ 44]
1976 Tangshan earthquake
China
July 28, 1976
2.
110,000−316,000
2010 Haiti earthquake
Haiti
January 12, 2010
3.
250,000 –300,000[ 8]
526 Antioch earthquake
Byzantine Empire (now Turkey )
May 526
4.
273,407 [ 11]
1920 Haiyuan earthquake
Ningxia , Republic of China (now People's Republic of China )
December 16, 1920
5.
270,000
1303 Hongdong earthquake [ 45]
Mongol Empire (now China)
September 17, 1303
6.
260,000 [ 46]
115 Antioch earthquake
Roman Empire (now Turkey)
December 13, 115
7.
230,000
1138 Aleppo earthquake
Zengid dynasty (now Syria )
October 11, 1138
1139 Ganja earthquake
Seljuk Empire (now Azerbaijan )
20 September 1139
9.
227,898
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
Indonesia
December 26, 2004
10.
200,000
856 Damghan earthquake
Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran )
December 22, 856
Note: Some of these famines may have been caused or partially caused by humans.
Rank
Death toll
Event
Location
Date
1.
11,000,000–40,000,000
Great Chinese Famine
China
1959 –1961
2.
25,000,000[ 47]
Chinese famine of 1906–1907
Qing China
1906 –1907
3.
9,000,000–13,000,000[ 48]
Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879
1876 –1879
4.
11,000,000
Chalisa famine
North India
1783 –1784
Doji bara famine or Skull famine
India
1789 –1793
6.
10,000,000
Great Bengal famine of 1770 , incl. Bihar & Orissa
British company India
1769 –1773
7.
7,500,000
Great European Famine
Europe
1315 –1317
8.
7,400,000
Deccan famine of 1630–1632
Mughal Empire , now India
1630 –1632
9.
5,000,000–8,000,000
Soviet famine of 1932–1933
Soviet Union
1932 –1933
10.
5,500,000
Indian Great Famine of 1876–1878
British India
1876 –1878
Note: Some of these floods and landslides may be partially caused by humans – for example, by failure of dams, levees , seawalls or retaining walls . This list does not include the man-made 1938 Yellow River flood caused entirely by a deliberate man-made act (an act of war, destroying dikes).
Rank
Death toll
Event
Location
Date
1.
422,499–4,000,000[ 49]
1931 China floods
China
1931
2.
930,000–2,000,000
1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood
1887
3.
230,000[ 50]
1975 Banqiao Dam failure
1975
4.
145,000
1935 Yangtze flood
1935
5.
100,000+
St. Felix's flood , storm surge
Holy Roman Empire
1530
7.
100,000 [citation needed ]
1911 Yangtze River flood
China
1911
8.
100,000[ 51] [ 52] [ 53] [ 54]
The flood of 1099
Netherlands & England
1099
9.
50,000–80,000[ 52]
St. Lucia's flood , storm surge
Holy Roman Empire
1287
10.
60,000
North Sea flood, storm surge
1212
Note: Measuring the number of deaths caused by a heat wave requires complicated statistical analysis, since heat waves tend to cause large numbers of deaths among people weakened by other conditions. As a result, the number of deaths is only known with any accuracy for heat waves in the modern era in countries with developed healthcare systems.
Rank
Death toll
Event
Location
Date
1.
72,000
2003 European heat wave
Europe
2003
2.
56,000
2010 Russian heat wave
Russia
2010
3.
41,072[ 13]
1911 France heat wave
France
1911
4.
24,501-61,672
2022 European heat waves
Europe
2022
5.
9,500
1901 eastern United States heat wave
United States
1901
6.
5,000–10,000
1988–1990 North American drought
United States
1988
7.
3,951
2019 European heat waves
Europe
2019
8.
3,418[ 55]
2006 European heat wave
2006
9.
2,541[ 55]
1998 Indian heat wave
India
1998
10.
2,500
2015 Indian heat wave
2015
Note: Only 2 cases in recorded history.
Note: Earlier versions of this list have included the so-called 'Bombay Cyclone of 1882 ' in tenth position, but this supposed event has been proven to be a hoax .
Rank
Death toll
Event
Location
Date
1.
500,000+
1970 Bhola cyclone
East Pakistan (now Bangladesh )
November 13, 1970
2.
300,000
1839 Coringa cyclone [ 9]
British India (now India )
November 25, 1839
3.
300,000+
1737 Calcutta cyclone
October 11, 1737
4.
229,000
Super Typhoon Nina —contributed to Banqiao Dam failure
China
August 7, 1975
5.
200,000[ 56]
Great Backerganj Cyclone of 1876
British Raj (now Bangladesh )
October 31, 1876
6.
138,866
1991 Bangladesh cyclone
Bangladesh
April 29, 1991
7.
138,373
Cyclone Nargis
Myanmar
May 2, 2008
8.
100,000
July 1780 typhoon[ 57]
Philippines
1780
9.
60,000+
1864 Calcutta cyclone
India
October 5, 1864
10.
50,000-220,000
1912 China typhoon
China
August 29, 1912
Note: A possible tsunami in 1782 that caused about 40,000 deaths in the Taiwan Strait area may have been of "meteorological" origin (a cyclone). [ 58]
Rank
Death toll
Event
Location
Date
1.
227,898
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Indian Ocean
December 26, 2004
2.
~80,000 [ 59]
1908 Messina earthquake
Italy
December 28, 1908
3.
36,417
1883 eruption of Krakatoa
Indonesia
August 27, 1883
4.
40,000 –50,000[ 60]
1755 Lisbon earthquake
Portugal
November 1, 1755
5.
30,000 –100,000
Minoan eruption
Greece
2nd Millennium BC
6.
31,000
1498 Meiō earthquake
Japan
September 20, 1498
7.
30,000
1707 Hōei earthquake
October 28, 1707
8.
27,122 [ 61]
1896 Sanriku earthquake
June 15, 1896
9.
25,674
1868 Arica earthquake
Chile
August 13, 1868
10.
5,700 [ 62] –50,000[ 63]
365 Crete earthquake
Greece
July 21, 365
Rank
Death toll
Event
Location
Date
1.
71,000+[ 64]
1815 eruption of Mount Tambora (see also Year Without a Summer )
Indonesia
April 10, 1815
2.
36,000+[ 65]
1883 eruption of Krakatoa
August 27, 1883
3.
30,000[ 66]
1902 eruption of Mount Pelée
Martinique
May 7, 1902
4.
23,000[ 67]
Armero tragedy
Colombia
November 13, 1985
5.
15,000[ 68]
1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami
Japan
May 21, 1792
6.
13,000[ 69]
Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
Italy
79
7.
10,000+
1586 Kelud eruption
Indonesia
1586
8.
6,000[ 70]
1902 Santa Maria eruption
Guatemala
October 24, 1902
9.
5,000[ 71]
1919 Kelud mudflow
Indonesia
May 19, 1919
10.
4,011[ 72]
1822 Galunggung eruption
1822
Rank
Death toll
Event
Location
Date
1.
1,200–2,500
Peshtigo fire
Wisconsin , United States
October 8, 1871
2.
1,000+
Kursha-2 fire
Soviet Union
August 3, 1936
3.
453
Cloquet fire [ 73]
Minnesota , United States
October 12, 1918
4.
418–476
Great Hinckley Fire
September 1, 1894
5.
282
Thumb Fire
Michigan , United States
September 5, 1881
6.
240
1997 Indonesian forest fires [ 74] [ 75]
Sumatra and Kalimantan , Indonesia
September 1997
7.
160–300
1825 Miramichi fire
Canada
October 7, 1825
8.
223
Matheson Fire
Ontario , Canada
July 29, 1916
9.
211
1987 Black Dragon fire [ 74] [ 75]
China and Soviet Union
May 1, 1987
10.
173
Black Saturday bushfires [ 74] [ 75]
Australia
February 7, 2009
Other lists organized by death toll
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^ "NOVA Online | Flood! | Dealing with the Deluge" . PBS. Archived from the original on March 18, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2010 .
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^ "The 16 deadliest storms of the last century" . Business Insider India. September 13, 2017. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2022 .
^ "Haiti Earthquake Fast Facts" . CNN. December 12, 2013. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2020 .
^ a b National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information" . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi :10.7289/V5TD9V7K .
^ a b "The Worst Natural Disasters by Death Toll" (PDF) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 6, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 12, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2011 .
^ Bilham, Roger. "The 1737 Calcutta Earthquake and Cyclone evaluated" (PDF) . Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences . Retrieved September 21, 2023 .
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