Foreign relations of Zambia
![]() |
---|
![]() |
After independence in 1964 the foreign relations of Zambia were mostly focused on supporting liberation movements in other countries in Southern Africa, such as the African National Congress and SWAPO. During the Cold War Zambia was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Zambia is a member of 44 international organizations, with the United Nations, World Trade Organization, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations and Southern African Development Community being among the most notable.
Zambia is involved in a border dispute concerning the convergence of the boundaries of Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. An additional dispute with the Democratic Republic of Congo concerns the Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave.
History
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Zambia123f.jpg/220px-Zambia123f.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Carter_and_Kaunda.png/220px-Carter_and_Kaunda.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Levy_Mwanawasa_and_Colin_Powell_2004-09-23.jpg/220px-Levy_Mwanawasa_and_Colin_Powell_2004-09-23.jpg)
After independence in 1964, Zambia was one of the most vocal opponents to white minority rule and colonialism. President Kenneth Kaunda, who held office 1964–1991, was a very visible advocate of change in Southern Africa. He actively supported UNITA during the Angolan liberation and civil war, SWAPO during their fight for Namibian independence from apartheid South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and the African National Congress in their fight against apartheid in South Africa.[1]
Many of these organizations were based in Zambia during the 1970s and 1980s. For this reason South Africa as well as Rhodesia carried out military raids on targets inside Zambia. Zambia's support for the various liberation movements also caused problems for the Zambian economy, since it was heavily dependent on electricity supply and transportation through South Africa and Rhodesia. However these problems was partly solved by the Kariba Dam and the construction of the Chinese supported Tan-Zam railway.[citation needed]
For their part in the liberations struggles, Zambia enjoys wide popularity among the countries they supported as well as all over Africa. For instance, former South African president Nelson Mandela often referred to the debt South Africa owes Zambia.[2]
Before Zambian independence, Kaunda met with John F Kennedy while visiting the United States in 1961, and he would meet with Lyndon Johnson, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and George H.W. Bush at the White House during his long presidency.[1] He also clashed with British prime minister Margaret Thatcher on several occasions, disliking her policy towards South Africa.[3]
As with most African states, Zambia was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement during the Cold War, and is still today. The country hosted the 3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1970. In practice Zambia was more to the left than to the right during the Cold War. The country had good relations with China and with Yugoslavia. Kaunda is famous in Yugoslavia for crying openly at president Josip Broz Tito's funeral.
Kaunda's successor, president Frederick Chiluba (1991–2002), also played an important role in African politics. His government played a constructive regional role sponsoring Angola peace talks that led to the 1994 Lusaka Protocols. Zambia has provided troops to UN peacekeeping initiatives in Mozambique, Rwanda, Angola, and Sierra Leone. Zambia was the first African state to cooperate with the International Tribunal investigation of the 1994 Rwanda genocide.
In 1998, Zambia took the lead in efforts to establish a cease-fire in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Zambia was active in the Congolese peace effort after the signing of a cease-fire agreement in Lusaka in July and August 1999, although activity diminished considerably after the Joint Military Commission tasked with implementing the ceasefire relocated to Kinshasa in September 2001.
International organizations
[edit]Zambia is a member of 45 international organisations. These are:[4]
Concerning Zambia's membership in the ICC, Zambia has a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the United States military from prosecution.
United Nations
[edit]Zambia joined the United Nations on 1 December 1964,[5] only a month after the nation had become independent. Zambia has a permanent mission to the UN, with headquarters on 237 East 52nd Street, New York City. The head of the mission is Tens Chisola Kapoma.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rodrigo_and_Mwanawasa.jpg/200px-Rodrigo_and_Mwanawasa.jpg)
Regional diplomacy
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ZM-Lusaka_Province.png/220px-ZM-Lusaka_Province.png)
Following the independence of Zambia on 24 October 1964, the country has lent military aid and support to numerous movements and governments on the international stage. Most notably, Zambia has a history of providing military aid to combatants and political parties fighting for independence throughout Africa.[6] The aid that Zambia has provided for African nationalistic movements during the colonial era revolves around both military and diplomatic arrangement for liberation and peace.[7] The Zambian Defense Force (ZDF), which consists of the Zambian Army, Zambian Air force and Zambian National Service, has played a key part in a multitude of key regional and international conflicts throughout the 1970s and 1980s.[8] Most notably, the Zambian military has provided counter insurgent efforts during major African confrontations such as the Rhodesian Bush War despite not being the main belligerent.[9]
Zambia has a history of supporting regional liberation movements and Former President Kenneth Kaunda had previously decreed that "Zambia will not be independent and free until the rest of Africa is Free".[10] Critics[weasel words] have pointed to Zambia's historical stance of non-engagement and détente as a self-preservation act for a historically authoritarian government.[11] As a large central nation, the governability of Zambia relies on the stability and diplomacy of nearby states that surround Zambia.[7] Regional stability has allowed Former President Kenneth Kaunda to maintain power in the relatively poor nation for several decades.[12]
Liberation and political support
[edit]Zambia received its own liberation from colonialism relatively early from Britain. The newly formed Zambian government under President Kenneth Kaunda of the UNIP party was active in the liberation and disputes of its neighbors for decades following its independence.[13] The Zambian government offered shelter for revolutionaries, mediated treaty signings and offered aid and weapons. The continuation of colonial rule in Southern Africa was seen as a slight to Zambia and inherent feelings of African unity drove the new nation to aid its neighbors resist colonial rule.[14]
Most notably, Zambia was a haven for revolutionaries from the Namibia liberation party,[15] South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) and the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa. Zambia provided a rear base for revolutionaries as well as administrative and political aid.
SWAPO
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Nelson_Mandela-2008_cropped.jpg)
The South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) is a political party that was formerly an independence movement based in Namibia.[16] Due to pressures from within Namibia, SWAPO moved its headquarters and much of its forces into neighboring Zambia in the 1970s. Zambia became a safe haven for the group and SWAPO set up guerrilla training camps and sent exiled members into Zambia.[15] The Shipanga Crisis, so named for senior SWAPO leader Andreas Shipanga, saw the Zambian government help round up thousands of dissidents and critics of the movement.[17] SWAPO leaders in Namibia saw growing dissent in the SWAPO installations and guerrilla camps in Zambia, and appealed to then President Kaunda for help. After rounding up thousands of perceived rebels, including Shipanga with the aid of Zambia, SWAPO leadership in Namibia became markedly more authoritarian.[18]
African National Congress
[edit]The African National Congress was an anti-apartheid political party based in South Africa, with close ideological ties to the Zambian African National Congress of President Kenneth Kaunda.[19] When the political party was banned in South Africa by the colonial government, many of its leaders went underground or fled to Zambia.[20] Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, became the new headquarters for many ANC leaders in exile from their native South Africa. Zambia thus developed a legacy of being the center of activity for South African liberation and allowed exiled leaders to convene and organize. Former South African President Nelson Mandela had expressed the important role that Zambia played in the liberation of their country during the years of exile.[21] Zambia's policy of liberation through diplomacy and discreet support for African nationalist movements within the region is most poignant in the South African case.[22]
Zimbabwe
[edit]Zambia has also provided key support to the liberation struggles of nearby Zimbabwe from their colonial rulers in the 1960s to 1970s.[23] Specifically, Zambia provided armed and diplomatic support to Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) during their struggles against the unrecognized rogue state Rhodesian government in the Rhodesian Bush War.[24] Zambia provided limited arms and training towards Zimbabwe's African nationalist movements, but largely applied diplomatic approaches to induce liberation in Zimbabwe.[25] This included multiple visits and discussion between the Rhodesian government and Zambia leaders to negotiate a resolution to the civil strife within the country. Eventually, in 1979, the Rhodesian government submitted to international pressures and conducted elections that lead to majority rule and the eventual renaming of the country as Zimbabwe.[26]
UNITA
[edit]The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) was a party in Angola that served as one of the main belligerents in the Angolan Civil War of 1975 against People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).[27] Zambia, under Kenneth Kaunda trained and funded UNITA against the MPLA during the civil war. Lusaka remained one of the most ardent supporters of the UNITA African nationalists and UNITA troops trained in Zambia.[28] Since then, Zambia has rescinded its historical support of UNITA and has apologized to the current Angolan government over the historical support of UNITA.[29]
Roles in regional disputes
[edit]Angolan Civil War
[edit]Zambia was key in facilitating talks between People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) of the Angolan Civil War.[30] The Angolan Civil War waged on from 1975 onward and involved massive foreign intervention in the face of the Cold War.[31] Initiated by Zambia, the Lusaka Protocol was a treaty that attempted to end the Civil War by disarmament and national reconciliation. The treaty was signed in Lusaka on 20 November 1994 and garnered international support, as well as support from Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe and South African President Nelson Mandela.[32] Ultimately the fighting resumed, and by 1998, the peace process ceased.[33]
The Second Congo War
[edit]The Second Congo war was a major African continental war that began in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1998, and involved nine different African countries.[34] Zambia was not a belligerent in this military engagement, but sought to facilitate peace and an end to the fighting. Representatives from various international organizations such as the United Nations, met on 21–27 June 1999 in Lusaka in order to draft a resolution to the conflict.[35] The ceasefire agreement set to end the fighting, deploy peacekeeping forces and release prisoners of war on both sides of the fighting. Heads of state from Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe convened in Lusaka, Zambia on 10 July 1999 to sign the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement.[36] Ultimately hostilities continued despite the passage of the Peace Agreement, and the official fighting did not resolve itself until 2003.[37]
African cooperation
[edit]Zambia is a member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), now known as the African Union, and was its chairman until July 2002. Zambia also takes part in the unions economical cooperation, the African Economic Community (AEC). Among th AEC's different pillars, Zambia takes part in two; Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the preferential trade area Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). The country is also a member of the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA).
SADC was founded in Zambia's capital Lusaka on 1 April 1980, and COMESA has its headquarters there as well.
International disputes
[edit]A dormant dispute remains where Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe's boundaries converge; and with the DRC in the Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave in the North of Chienge following concerns on the Zambia-Congo Delimitation Treaty raised with the late President Laurent Kabila. The lack of demarcation beacons, and the citizenship rights of people in that enclave remain thorny issues, especially in Luapula Province.
Zambia and the Commonwealth of Nations
[edit]Zambia has been a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations since 24 October 1964, when Northern Rhodesia became independent.
List
[edit]List of countries which Zambia maintains diplomatic relations with:
![]() | ||
---|---|---|
# | Country | Date |
1 | ![]() |
17 October 1964[38] |
2 | ![]() |
24 October 1964[39] |
3 | ![]() |
24 October 1964[40] |
4 | ![]() |
24 October 1964[41] |
5 | ![]() |
24 October 1964[42] |
6 | ![]() |
24 October 1964[43] |
7 | ![]() |
29 October 1964[44] |
8 | ![]() |
30 October 1964[45] |
9 | ![]() |
October 1964[46] |
10 | ![]() |
30 November 1964[47] |
11 | ![]() |
15 December 1964[48] |
12 | ![]() |
1964[49] |
13 | ![]() |
7 January 1965[50] |
14 | ![]() |
2 February 1965[51] |
15 | ![]() |
2 February 1965[52] |
16 | ![]() |
10 February 1965[53] |
17 | ![]() |
12 February 1965[54] |
18 | ![]() |
26 February 1965[55] |
19 | ![]() |
17 March 1965[56] |
20 | ![]() |
18 March 1965[57] |
21 | ![]() |
April 1965[58] |
— | ![]() |
15 May 1965[59] |
22 | ![]() |
8 July 1965[60] |
23 | ![]() |
29 July 1965[61] |
24 | ![]() |
2 November 1965[62] |
25 | ![]() |
1965[63] |
26 | ![]() |
13 April 1966[64] |
27 | ![]() |
10 May 1966[65] |
28 | ![]() |
10 June 1966[66] |
29 | ![]() |
1 July 1966[67] |
30 | ![]() |
13 August 1966[68] |
31 | ![]() |
28 November 1966[69] |
32 | ![]() |
1966[70] |
33 | ![]() |
1966[71] |
34 | ![]() |
3 February 1967[72] |
35 | ![]() |
10 November 1967[73] |
36 | ![]() |
8 March 1968[74] |
37 | ![]() |
10 April 1968[75] |
38 | ![]() |
28 May 1968[76] |
39 | ![]() |
7 July 1968[77] |
40 | ![]() |
20 October 1968[78] |
41 | ![]() |
12 April 1969[79] |
42 | ![]() |
25 April 1969[80] |
43 | ![]() |
15 May 1969[81] |
44 | ![]() |
9 July 1969[82] |
45 | ![]() |
26 September 1969[83] |
46 | ![]() |
28 December 1969[84] |
47 | ![]() |
15 September 1970[85] |
48 | ![]() |
5 October 1970[86] |
49 | ![]() |
11 February 1971[87] |
50 | ![]() |
17 February 1971[88] |
51 | ![]() |
19 February 1971[89] |
52 | ![]() |
25 February 1971[90] |
53 | ![]() |
25 February 1971[91] |
54 | ![]() |
1 March 1971[92] |
55 | ![]() |
31 March 1971[93] |
56 | ![]() |
30 April 1971[94] |
57 | ![]() |
3 April 1972[95] |
58 | ![]() |
April 1972[96] |
59 | ![]() |
18 May 1972[97] |
60 | ![]() |
19 July 1972[98] |
61 | ![]() |
15 September 1972[99] |
62 | ![]() |
17 October 1972[100] |
63 | ![]() |
1972[101] |
64 | ![]() |
1972[102] |
65 | ![]() |
1972[103] |
66 | ![]() |
5 January 1973[104] |
67 | ![]() |
12 January 1973[105] |
68 | ![]() |
15 January 1973[106] |
69 | ![]() |
January 1973[107] |
70 | ![]() |
13 March 1973[108] |
71 | ![]() |
16 April 1973[109] |
72 | ![]() |
7 July 1973[110] |
73 | ![]() |
13 September 1973[111] |
74 | ![]() |
19 September 1973[112] |
75 | ![]() |
8 February 1974[113] |
76 | ![]() |
27 September 1974[114] |
77 | ![]() |
29 November 1974[115] |
78 | ![]() |
29 December 1974[116] |
79 | ![]() |
30 December 1974[117] |
80 | ![]() |
1974[118] |
81 | ![]() |
1974[119] |
82 | ![]() |
6 March 1975[120] |
83 | ![]() |
3 April 1975[121] |
84 | ![]() |
25 June 1975[122] |
85 | ![]() |
18 July 1975[123] |
86 | ![]() |
15 October 1975[124] |
87 | ![]() |
1975[125] |
88 | ![]() |
12 November 1975[126] |
89 | ![]() |
18 November 1975[127] |
90 | ![]() |
10 December 1976[128] |
91 | ![]() |
3 May 1977[129] |
92 | ![]() |
1977[130] |
93 | ![]() |
1 May 1978[131] |
94 | ![]() |
2 October 1978[132] |
95 | ![]() |
2 November 1978[133] |
96 | ![]() |
26 July 1979[134] |
97 | ![]() |
7 September 1979[135] |
98 | ![]() |
29 February 1980[136] |
99 | ![]() |
21 April 1980[137] |
100 | ![]() |
30 April 1980[138] |
101 | ![]() |
2 June 1982[139] |
102 | ![]() |
25 June 1982[140] |
103 | ![]() |
10 July 1982[141] |
104 | ![]() |
24 January 1983[142] |
105 | ![]() |
2 March 1983[143] |
106 | ![]() |
2 April 1985[144] |
107 | ![]() |
10 September 1986[145] |
108 | ![]() |
1986[146] |
109 | ![]() |
5 January 1987[133] |
110 | ![]() |
31 August 1987[147] |
111 | ![]() |
2 October 1987[148] |
112 | ![]() |
9 November 1987[149] |
113 | ![]() |
21 April 1988[150] |
114 | ![]() |
December 1988[151] |
115 | ![]() |
26 February 1990[152] |
116 | ![]() |
5 August 1990[153] |
117 | ![]() |
4 September 1990[154] |
— | ![]() |
20 February 1991[155] |
118 | ![]() |
22 April 1993[156] |
119 | ![]() |
5 May 1993[157] |
120 | ![]() |
17 September 1993[158] |
121 | ![]() |
7 October 1993[159] |
122 | ![]() |
13 October 1993[160] |
123 | ![]() |
14 October 1993[161] |
124 | ![]() |
26 October 1993[162] |
125 | ![]() |
18 November 1993[163] |
126 | ![]() |
2 December 1993[164] |
127 | ![]() |
1 February 1994[165] |
128 | ![]() |
10 May 1994[166] |
129 | ![]() |
15 July 1994[167] |
130 | ![]() |
26 January 1995[168] |
131 | ![]() |
20 March 1995[169] |
132 | ![]() |
20 September 1995[170] |
133 | ![]() |
31 October 1995[171] |
134 | ![]() |
25 March 1996[172] |
135 | ![]() |
8 May 1996[173] |
136 | ![]() |
9 November 1996[133] |
137 | ![]() |
17 December 1996[174] |
138 | ![]() |
27 February 1997[175] |
139 | ![]() |
15 May 1997[176] |
140 | ![]() |
11 March 1998[177] |
141 | ![]() |
30 March 1998[178] |
142 | ![]() |
13 July 2001[179] |
143 | ![]() |
3 February 2003[133] |
144 | ![]() |
18 September 2003[180] |
145 | ![]() |
23 July 2004[133] |
146 | ![]() |
6 June 2006[181] |
147 | ![]() |
22 February 2007[182] |
148 | ![]() |
29 June 2010[133] |
149 | ![]() |
28 September 2010[183] |
150 | ![]() |
15 July 2011[184] |
151 | ![]() |
8 August 2011[185] |
152 | ![]() |
2 September 2011[186] |
153 | ![]() |
19 March 2013[187] |
154 | ![]() |
16 July 2013[188] |
155 | ![]() |
28 May 2014[189] |
156 | ![]() |
28 August 2017[190] |
157 | ![]() |
23 October 2017[191] |
158 | ![]() |
1 April 2018[133] |
159 | ![]() |
19 April 2018[192] |
160 | ![]() |
Unknown |
161 | ![]() |
Unknown |
162 | ![]() |
Unknown |
— | ![]() |
Unknown |
163 | ![]() |
Unknown[193] |
164 | ![]() |
Unknown |
Bilateral relations
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
![]() |
9 July 1969 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 1969[82] |
![]() |
15 January 1973 | Both countries established diplomatic relationson 15 January 1973[106] |
![]() |
3 May 1977 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 1977[129] |
![]() |
2 March 1983 | On 15 November 2012, the High Commissioner of Zambia (resident in Ottawa) Mr. Bobby Mbunji Samakai presented his credentials to Governor General of Antigua and Barbuda.[194] |
![]() |
27 September 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1974[114] |
![]() |
7 October 1993 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1993[159] |
![]() |
18 May 1972 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1972 when first Australian High Commissioner to Zambia Mr. W. G. A. Landale presented credentials (resident in Dar es Salaam)[97]
|
![]() |
18 March 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 March 1965 when accredited first Ambassador of Austria to Zambia (resident in Nairobi) Dr. Friedrich Kudernatsch[57] |
![]() |
18 November 1993 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1993[163] |
![]() |
26 July 1979 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 July 1979[134] |
![]() |
1 March 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1971[92] |
![]() |
13 October 1993 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1993[160] |
![]() |
12 February 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 1965 when first Ambassador of Belgium to Zambia Mr. Jean Bourgaux presented his credentials[54] |
![]() |
18 September 2003 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 September 2003 when accredited first High Commissioner of Zambia to Belize (resident in Washington D.C.) Dr. Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika.[180] |
![]() |
8 February 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 February 1974 when Zambian ambassador Andreya S. Masiye presented credentials to President Kerekou[113] |
![]() |
5 January 1987 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1987[196] |
![]() |
28 November 1966 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1966 when first Botswana's High Commissioner to Zambia , Richard Mannathoko presents his credentials[69] |
![]() |
28 December 1969 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 December 1969[84]
|
![]() |
15 July 2011 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 2011 when Ambassador of Zambia with residence in Abuja M. Alexis Cadman Luhila, has presented his credentials to President of Burkina Faso Blaise Compaore.[184] |
![]() |
13 March 1973 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 March 1973[108] |
![]() |
April 1972 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in April 1972[96] |
![]() |
13 April 1966 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1966[64]
|
![]() |
10 July 1982 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1982[141] |
![]() |
28 August 2017 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 2017 when first Ambassador of CAR to Zambia with residence in Pretoria M. Andre Nzapayeke, presented his credentials to President Edgar Lungu.[190] |
![]() |
29 July 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1965 , but Zambia severed diplomatic relations with Chile on 1 October 1973 , diplomatic relations were restored on 18 July 1991[61] |
![]() |
29 October 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 October 1964[44]
|
![]() |
21 April 1988 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1988[150] |
![]() |
22 February 2007 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 February 2007 when first Ambassador of Zambia Professor Royson M. Mukwena, has presented his credentials to President of Comoros Ahmed Abdallah Sambi.[182] |
![]() |
24 October 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on Zambia's independence 24 October 1964, when Democratic Republic of the Congo has raised its consulate-general in Lusaka to embassy level, and consul Mabita has been promoted to charge d'affaires[40]
|
![]() |
12 January 1973 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1973 when the first Zambian Ambassador to the Congo People's Republic , M. Chalikulima , presented his credentials to President Ngouabi[105] |
![]() |
28 May 2014 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 2014 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Costa Rica (resident in Washington) Mr. Palan Mulonda presented his credentials to President Luis Guillermo Solís.[189] |
![]() |
10 April 1968 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 April 1968[75] |
![]() |
20 September 1995 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 1995[170] |
![]() |
10 December 1976 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1976 when the first High Commissioner of Cyprus to Zambia, Mr. Fillios Antoniou Grammenopoulos, presented his credentials to President Kaunda[128]
|
![]() |
10 February 1965 | See Denmark-Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1965 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Zambia (resident in Nairibi) Mr. Birger Abrahamson[53] |
![]() |
16 July 2013 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 2013 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Ecuador (resident in Brasilia) Ms. Cynthia Misozi Jangulo presented his credentials[188] |
![]() |
15 December 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1964 when the UAR (Egypt) has decided to open Embassy in Zambia.[48] |
![]() |
19 April 2018 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 April 2018 when Ambassador of Zambia with residence in Kinshasa Mr. Friday Musiyalike Nyambe has presented his credentials to President of Equatorial Guinea Obiang Nguema Mbasogo.[192] |
![]() |
15 July 1994 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 1994 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Eritrea Simataa Akapelwa presented his credentials to President Isaias Afwerki[167] |
![]() |
31 March 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 1971 when has been accredited High Commissioner of Swaziland to Zambia (resident in Nairobi) Mr. Martin Buya Mdiniso.[93] |
![]() |
8 July 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1965 when Chief Mapanza has been appointed the Zambian Ambassador to Ethiopia[60] |
![]() |
8 March 1968 |
|
![]() |
24 October 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964[41] |
![]() |
18 July 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1975[123] |
![]() |
30 December 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 December 1974 when the Zambian High Commissioner to Gambia, Mr. A. N. Kalyati, presented his letters of credence to the President, Sir Dawda Jawara.[117] |
![]() |
24 October 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964[42] |
![]() |
30 November 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1964 when first Zambian High Commissioner to Ghana , Mr. M. Ngalande , presented his letters of credence[47] |
![]() |
1977 | |
![]() |
18 September 1979 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 September 1979[203] |
![]() |
10 November 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1967 when the first Guinean Ambassador to Zambia , Mr. Fily Cissoko , presented his credentials to President Kaunda[73] |
![]() |
11 February 1971 |
|
![]() |
6 March 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1975 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Rupiah Bwezani Banda presented his credentials to Président Duvalier.[120] |
![]() |
8 August 2011 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 August 2011 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Honduras (resident in Washington) Mrs Sheila Siwela presented his credentials to President Porfirio Lobo[185] |
![]() |
April 1965 | See India-Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in April 1965 when first High Commissioner of India to Zambia Mr. C. Krishnamurti began his duties.[58] |
![]() |
29 February 1980 | See Ireland–Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 February 1980 when Ireland's first Ambassador to Zambia , His Excellency Mr Michael Greene , presented credentials to President Kaunda[136] |
![]() |
17 March 1965 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 March 1965 when Israel's first ambassador to Zambia Col. Ben-Zion Tehan presented his credentials to the President Dr. Kenneth Kaunda.[56] Zambia severed diplomatic relations with Israel on 26 October 1973.[210] Diplomatic relations between two countries were re-established on 25 December 1991[211] Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements in force.[212] |
![]() |
10 May 1966 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1966 with the appointment of Armando Albini as Chargé d'affaires of Italy to Zambia (before that, from 31 May, 1965, Consul General of Italy in Lusaka). First Ambassador of Italy to Zambia Girolamo Trotta was appointed 27 November 1967.[65] |
![]() |
6 June 2006 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 2006 when ambassador of Zambia to Jordan Mr. Cecil Almos Holmes, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah.[181] |
![]() |
1966 | See Kenya–Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966 when has been accredited High Commissioner of Zambia to Kenya Mr. A. M. Simbule.[70]
|
![]() |
3 February 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1967 when has been accredited first Ambassador of Zambia to Lebanon with residence in Cairo M.Rupiah Bwezani Banda.[72] |
![]() |
3 April 1972 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1972 when first Zambian Ambassador to Liberia Mr. Siteke G. Mwale presented his credentials[95] |
![]() |
2 October 1987 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1987 when has been accredited Ambassador of Mali to Zambia (Resident in Cairo) Mr. Elbekaye Moctar Kounta.[148] |
![]() |
30 April 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1971 when Zambia's first Ambassador to Mauritania Mr. Seteke Mwale presented his credentials to President Moktar Ould Daddah.[94] |
![]() |
15 October 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1975[124]
|
![]() |
25 June 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[122]
|
![]() |
5 August 1990 | See Namibia–Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 August 1990[153]
|
![]() |
2 November 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1965 when opened Embassy of the Netherlands in Zambia's capital Lusaka with Charge d'Affaires Mr. M. A. Beelaerts van Blokland[62] |
![]() |
2 April 1985 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1985[144]
|
![]() |
1 July 1966 | See Poland–Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1966[67]
|
![]() |
30 October 1964 | See Russia–Zambia relations
|
![]() |
Ambassador of Rwanda to Zambia Mr. Jean Marie Sibomana presented his credentials to President Kaunda on 23 March 1976[216] | |
![]() |
31 August 1987 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1987 when has been accredited Ambassador of Sao Tome and Principe to Zambia (resident in Luanda) Mr. J. Jose Da Costa.[147] |
![]() |
25 April 1969 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1969 when first Zambia's Ambassador to Senegal, Mr. Ali Simbule presented his credentials to President Senghor[80] |
![]() |
24 October 1964 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964.[43] Both countries have passed a number of bilateral agreements.[217] |
![]() |
19 February 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1971 when first High Commissioner of Zambia Mr. Siteke G. Mwale presented his credentials to the Governor General of Sierra Leone Sir Banja Tejan-Sie[89] |
![]() |
10 May 1994 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1994[166]
See South Africa–Zambia relations Zambia was a strong supporter of the African National Congress during their struggle against minority rule and hosted the ANC for a number of years. In 2009, nearly 52% of all goods imported to Zambia were from South Africa.
|
![]() |
4 September 1990 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 1990[154] High-level Exchanges: May 1991 Special Envoy Chung Won-shik; October 1994 Special Envoy Hong Soon-young; May 1995 Special Envoy Kim Hang-kyung; May 2010 Economic Mission Kim Jung-hoon (The Republic of Korea-Zambia business Forum).[218] |
![]() |
26 September 1969 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1969[83]
|
![]() |
16 April 1973 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1973 when High Commissioner to Zambia from Sri Lanka (Ceylon) presented his credentials to President Kaunda.[109] |
![]() |
10 June 1966 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1966 when appointed first Ambassador of Switzerland to Zambia (resident in Kinshasa) Mr. Theodor Curchod[66] |
![]() |
7 January 1965 | See Tanzania–Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1965 when Zambia's first High Commissioner to Tanzania , Mr. A. M. Simbule presented his credentials to President Nyerere[50]
|
![]() |
17 February 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1971 when first Zambia's high commissioner in Trinidad and Tobago, Mr. Vernon Johnson Mwaanga presented his credentials to Governor General Sir Solomon Hochoy[88] |
![]() |
25 February 1971 | See Turkey–Zambia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1971 when accredited first Ambassador of Turkey to Zambia (resident in Nairibi) Mr. Sadum Terem[91] |
![]() |
17 October 1964 | See United Kingdom–Zambia relations
Zambia established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 17 October 1964.[38]
The UK governed Zambia from 1911 to 1964, when Zambia achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of the Commonwealth, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[221] and have signed an Investment Agreement.[222] |
![]() |
24 October 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964[39]
See United States–Zambia relations Zambia, led by president Kenneth Kaunda and other diplomats such as Vernon Mwaanga, Mark Chona, and Siteke Mwale, cooperated closely with the United States between 1975 and 1984 in order to promote peaceful solutions to the conflicts in Angola, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and Namibia.[223]
|
![]() |
30 April 1980 | See Zambia–Zimbabwe relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1980[138]
|
See also
[edit]- History of Zambia
- Politics of Zambia
- Kenneth Kaunda
- African Union
- List of diplomatic missions in Zambia
- List of diplomatic missions of Zambia
References
[edit]- ^ a b Andy DeRoche, Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).
- ^ "Kenneth Kaunda: A life in power". BBC. 26 June 2006. Archived from the original on 6 January 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
- ^ Clines, Francis (6 August 1986). "Commonwealth Chiefs Rebuke Thatcher Harshly". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ^ "The World Factbook – Zambia". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 1 November 2004. Retrieved 11 May 2004.
- ^ "List of Member States". United Nations. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
- ^ Tordoff, William (1974). Politics in Zambia. North Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 358–362.
- ^ a b Shaw, Timothy M. "The foreign policy system of Zambia". African Studies Review 19.1 (1976): 31-66.
- ^ Abrahams, Diane; Cawthra, Gavin; Williams, Rocklyn (2003). Ourselves To Know: Civil-military Relations and Defence Transformation in Southern Africa. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies South Africa. pp. 3–6.
- ^ Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008, pp. 140–143
- ^ Musonda, Emelda. "Price Zambia Paid for Africa's Liberation". Zambia Daily Mail, www.daily-mail.co.zm/price-zambia-paid-for-africas-liberation/.
- ^ Shaw, Timothy M. "Dilemmas of Dependence and (Under) Development: conflicts and choices in Zambia's present and prospective foreign policy". Africa Today 26.4 (1979): 43-65
- ^ Shaw, T. M., & Mugomba, A. T. (1977). The political economy of regional detente: Zambia and southern africa. Journal of African Studies, 4(4), 392
- ^ Isaacman, Allen; Lalu, Premesh; Nygren, Thomas (2005). "Digitization, History, and the Making of a Postcolonial Archive of Southern African Liberation Struggles: The Aluka Project". Africa Today. 52 (2): 55–77. doi:10.1353/at.2006.0009. JSTOR 4187703. S2CID 145625678.
- ^ Taylor & Francis Group (May 2007). "Introduction: White Power, Black Nationalism and the Cold War in Southern Africa". Cold War History. 7 (2): 165–168. doi:10.1080/14682740701284090. ISSN 1468-2745. S2CID 218577817.
- ^ a b A., Williams, Christian (2009). Exile History: An Ethnography of the SWAPO Camps and the Namibian Nation (Thesis). hdl:2027.42/64754. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
{{cite thesis}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Vigne, Randolph (January 1987). "SWAPO of Namibia: A movement in exile". Third World Quarterly. 9 (1): 85–107. doi:10.1080/01436598708419963. ISSN 0143-6597.
- ^ Leys, Colin; Saul, John S. (1994). "Liberation without Democracy? The Swapo Crisis of 1976". Journal of Southern African Studies. 20 (1): 123–147. doi:10.1080/03057079408708390. JSTOR 2637123.
- ^ Fivush, Robyn (February 2010). "Speaking silence: The social construction of silence in autobiographical and cultural narratives". Memory. 18 (2): 88–98. doi:10.1080/09658210903029404. ISSN 0965-8211. PMID 19565405. S2CID 36928878.
- ^ "South Africa Bans African National Congress". African American Registry. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
- ^ Macmillan, Hugh. "The African National Congress of South Africa in Zambia: The Culture of Exile and the Changing Relationship with Home, 1964-1990". Journal of Southern African Studies, vol. 35, no. 2, 2009, pp. 303–329.
- ^ "Nelson Mandela's Work and Freedom Would Have Been Difficult If Not for Zambia". New African, 31 July 2018
- ^ Landsberg, Chris. The Quiet Diplomacy of Liberation: International Politics and South Africa's Transition. Jacana Media, 2004
- ^ Scarritt, James R., and Solomon M. Nkiwane. "Friends, neighbors, and former enemies: the evolution of Zambia-Zimbabwe relations in a changing regional context". Africa Today 43.1 (1996): 7-31.
- ^ Chongo, Clarence. Decolonising Southern Africa: a history of Zambia's role in Zimbabwe's liberation struggle 1964-1979. Diss. University of Pretoria, 2
- ^ Scarritt, James R., Solomon M. Nkiwane, and Henrik Sommer. "A process tracing plausibility probe of uneven democratization's effects on cooperative dyads: The case of Zambia and Zimbabwe 1980–1993". International Interactions 26.1 (2000): 55-90.
- ^ "Insurgency in Rhodesia, 1957–1973: An Account and Assessment". International Institute for Strategic Studies. 1973.
- ^ "Absolute Hell Over There". Time. 17 January 1977. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
- ^ Wade. "The Angolan Civil War (1975-2002): A Brief History". South African History Online, 13 July 2017
- ^ Simuchoba, Arthur (31 October 2011). "We Are so Sorry, Sata Tells Angola" Archived 9 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine. TimesLIVE.
- ^ Vines, Alex. Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process, 1999. Human Rights Watch.
- ^ "AfricanCrisis". AfricanCrisis. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
- ^ "IV. The Lusaka Peace Process". Human Rights Watch, www.hrw.org/reports/1999/angola/Angl998-04.htm.
- ^ Vines, Alex (1999). Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process. Human Rights Watch.
- ^ Bowers, Chris (24 July 2006). "World War Three". My Direct Democracy. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018.
- ^ "DR Congo: Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
- ^ Ngolet F. (2011) The Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement. In: Crisis in the Congo. Palgrave Macmillan, New York
- ^ Soderlund, Walter C.; DonaldBriggs, E.; PierreNajem, Tom; Roberts, Blake C. (1 January 2013). Africa's Deadliest Conflict: Media Coverage of the Humanitarian Disaster in the Congo and the United Nations Response, 1997–2008. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 9781554588787.
- ^ a b Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. (1970). The Diplomatic Service List. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 136–149.
- ^ a b "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Zambia". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ a b Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 211-212. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964. p. 4. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ a b "Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs, envoyes extraordinaires, ministres plenipotentiaires et charges d'affaires de France a l'etranger depuis 1945" (PDF). diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). p. 110. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ a b "Sambia: Steckbrief". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ a b Summary of the Yugoslav Press. 1964. p. 22.
- ^ a b "China and Zambia celebrated the 55th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Zambia. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations with Zambia were established on October 30, 1964". MFA Russia. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ "Japan-Zambia Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1964. p. 184.
- ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1964. p. 203.
- ^ "Om Zambia". Sveriges Ambassad Lisaka (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ a b Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 5-6. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1965.
- ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 21-22. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1965. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
- ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ a b Udenrigsministeriets kalender (in Danish). Denmark. Udenrigsministeriet. 1967. p. 194.
- ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1965. p. 246.
- ^ "Today we celebrate of formal diplomatic relations with Zambia!". 27 February 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ a b Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 51-52. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1965. p. 19. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
- ^ a b List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1970. p. 1.
- ^ a b Asian Recorder Volume 11. K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press. 1965. p. 6352.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1965. p. 327.
- ^ a b "Reseña histórica de la presencia chilena en África" (in Spanish). p. 15. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ a b Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken, Volumes 78-80 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1965. p. 125.
- ^ Douglas G Anglin (2021). Zambia's Foreign Policy Studies In Diplomacy And Dependence. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-01075-6.
- ^ a b "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ a b Filippo Scammacca del Murgo (27 July 2021). Sulle tracce di Livingstone Storia di Zambia e Malawi e degli italiani che vi hanno viaggiato (in Italian). Infinito Edizioni. ISBN 978-88-6861-537-6.
- ^ a b "Ambassade de Suisse à Kinshasa (1962...)". dodis.ch (in French). Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ a b The Polish Review - Volume 12. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. 1967. p. 117.
- ^ Political Translations on Eastern Europe Issues 248-284. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1967. p. 32.
- ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1966. p. 657.
- ^ a b Kenya Directory of the Diplomatic Corps of High Commissions, Embassies, Consulate-generals, Consuls, Trade Commissions, Holy See, International Organizations. Kenya Ministry of External Affairs. 1966. p. 97.
- ^ Cooperation and Conflict in Southern Africa Papers on a Regional Subsystem. University Press of America. 1977. p. 246.
- ^ a b Who's who in Lebanon Volume 3 (in French). Les Editions Publitec. 1968. p. 374.
- ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1967. p. 903.
- ^ "Zambia". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1968. p. 1033.
- ^ "Republica ZAMBIA". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe (In Romanian). Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ Problèmes africains et du tiers monde - Issues 449-474 (in French). 1968. p. 5.
- ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). ncnk.org. August 2016. p. 3. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1969. p. 1374.
- ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969. p. 4.
- ^ a b Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3118-3192. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969. p. 6.
- ^ a b "Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol" (in Spanish). p. 307. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ a b Documentos de política externa Volumes 1-4 (in Portuguese). Brazil. Ministério das Relações Exteriores, Brazil. Secretaria Geral Adjunta para o Planejamento Político. 1967. p. 21. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
- ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa - Issues 3420-3497. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1970.
- ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1970. p. 5.
- ^ "Countries with which Guyana has Establishment Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). minfor.gov.gy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ a b Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 31-40. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1971. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
- ^ a b Sierra Leone Trade Journal Volumes 8-13. Sierra Leone. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. 1968. p. 42.
- ^ "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". mfaft.gov.jm. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ a b List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1972. p. 3.
- ^ a b "List of countries with which Barbados has established diplomatic relations". foreign.gov.bb. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ a b List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1971. p. 5.
- ^ a b Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3650-3723. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1971. p. 3.
- ^ a b William R. Tolbert (Jr.) (1976). Presidential Papers Documents, Diary, and Record of Activities of the Chief Executive · Volume 1. Press Division of the Executive Mansion. p. 28.
- ^ a b Irving Kaplan (1974). Area Handbook for Zambia Volume 550. American University, Foreign Area Studies. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Australian Representation Overseas". Current notes on international affairs.Vol. 43 No. 5 (May 1972). p. 263. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
- ^ "Hoy se conmemora el 50 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre Cuba y la República de Zambia". Cancillería de Cuba (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ^ "List of countries which maintains diplomatic relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (as April 2010)". mofa.gov.vn. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ "Press Release" (PDF). parlament.mt. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- ^ "Zambie". Royaume du Maroc Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation (in French). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1972. p. 62.
- ^ "Relations bilatérales: Zambie". République Tunisienne Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (in French). Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1254-1264. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1973.
- ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1973. p. 2718.
- ^ a b Africa News Letter Risālat Ifrīqīyā. African Society. 1972. p. 14.
- ^ "Часть II Зарубежные страны: Руанда" (PDF). Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1974. Выпуск восемнадцатый (in Russian). p. 366. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
- ^ a b Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1275-1285. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1973. p. 3. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
- ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1973. p. 2834.
- ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 4335-4411. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1973. p. 5.
- ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1973. p. 2984.
- ^ Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999. p. 127.
- ^ a b Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1450-1459. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1974. p. 11. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
- ^ a b "Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas y Consulares entre el Gobierno de la República Argentina y el Gobierno de la República de Zambia". tratados.cancilleria.gob.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1974. p. 557.
- ^ "Ambassador of Zambia calls on Minister Maneesh Gobin, discusses bilateral trade, investments and regional integration". Facebook. 21 June 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
- ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1975. p. 3487.
- ^ A Year Book of the Commonwealth. Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 1974. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-11-580141-9. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
- ^ A Year Book of the Commonwealth. Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 1974. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-11-580141-9. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
- ^ a b Jean-Claude Duvalier (1978). Discours et messages: 21 avril 1973-avril 1975 (in French). Impr. H. Deschamps. p. 245.
- ^ "Zâmbia". Portal do Governo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ a b Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 4866-4942. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1975. p. 8.
- ^ a b Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 4943-5020. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1975. p. 8.
- ^ a b "Hoy conmemoramos el 47 aniversario de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Zambia". Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ^ A Year Book of the Commonwealth. Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 1975. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-11-580169-3. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ Cairo Press Review. 1975. p. 15.
- ^ Asian Almanac - Volume 14. V.T. Sambandan. 1976. p. 7628.
- ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1976. p. 4272.
- ^ a b Ostos, Manuel (4 May 1977). "Zambia y Angola establecen relaciones diplomáticas". El Pais (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ The Europa year book 1977 : a world survey. 2, Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australasia. London : Europa Publications. 1977. p. 1887.
- ^ ARR, Arab Report and Record. Arab Report and Record. 1978. p. 338.
- ^ "Diplomatic and Consular List" (PDF). mfa.gov.mn. March 2020. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Diplomatic relations between Zambia and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
- ^ a b List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1978. p. 6.
- ^ FBIS Daily Report--Sub-Saharan Africa. United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 14 September 1979. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ a b Ireland Today - Issues 942-983. Information Section, Department of Foreign Affairs. 1979. p. 13.
- ^ Le mois en Afrique - Issues 170-175 (in French). 1980. p. 125.
- ^ a b Schwartz, Richard, 1954- (2001). Coming to terms : Zimbabwe in the international arena. London ; New York : I.B. Tauris. p. 65.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Keesing's Contemporary Archives - Volume 28. 1982. p. 31783.
- ^ Daily Report: Middle East & Africa. Index. NewsBank, inc, United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1983. p. 136.
- ^ a b Le mois en Afrique - Issues 200-204 (in French). 1982. p. 167.
- ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bahrain. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ Latin America Report, 2655. [Executive Office of the President], Federal Broadcast Information Service, Joint Publications Research Service. 17 March 1983. p. 32.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 7914-7938. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1985. p. 10.
- ^ "Nepal–Zambia Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ World Guide to Foreign Services Volume 1. World Guides Internationale Publikationen. 1986. p. 834.
- ^ a b List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organizations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1993. p. 1.
- ^ a b List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1989. p. 5.
- ^ "สาธารณรัฐแซมเบีย". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Thailand (in Thai). Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ a b "Directorio del Cuerpo Diplomático y Consular acreditado en la República de Colombia" (PDF). cancilleria.gov.co (in Spanish). 14 April 2015. p. 12. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1989. Выпуск тридцать третий. Зарубежные страны: Австралия-Малайзия" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 265. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- ^ List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organizations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1993. p. 4.
- ^ a b Southern African Political History A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Press. 1999. p. 305.
- ^ a b "Zambia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organizations. 1993. p. 5.
- ^ "Political relations between Ukraine and Zambia". Embassy of Ukraine to the Republic of South Africa. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
- ^ "Zambia: Základné informácie". mzv.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения". mfa.gov.kg (in Russian). Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ a b "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ a b "Матэрыялы брыфінга прэс-сакратара МЗС Беларусі Паўла Латушкі, праведзенага для прадстаўнікоў СМІ 23 мая б.г." mfa.gov.by (in Belarusian). 23 May 2002. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ "Zambia, Republic of". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ "Republica Zambia". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe şi Integrării Europene al Republicii Moldova (in Romanian). Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ a b "The Republic of Zambia". Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ "States with which Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations". mfa.gov.tm. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ "States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations". Embassy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in Ukraine. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ a b "Key Relations". High Commission of the Republic of Zambia - Pretoria. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ a b Eritrea Update. Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada. 1992. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ Mojca Pristavec Đogić. "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). p. 7. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ "Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ a b "Date of Recognition and Establishment od Diplomatic Relations". Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ "List of states with which the Republic of Tajikistan established diplomatic relations" (PDF). mfa.tj. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ "Countries which has established Diplomatic Relations with Kazakhstan". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Kazakhstan. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ "LIST OF MEMBER STATES OF THE UNITED NATIONS (193) HAVING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH CAMBODIA". mfaic.gov.kh. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic & Consular list" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. 2 July 2015. p. 240. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ "Dates of Establishment and Renewal of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Latvia. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia". Republic of Estonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Estonian). Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ "The new Zambian High Commissioner to the Republic of Seychelles accredited". 19 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
- ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ "Zambia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
- ^ a b "Order of accreditation and precedence" (PDF). Belize Diplomatic & Consular List 2004. p. 123. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2006. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ a b "Ten ambassadors present credentials to King". kingabdullah.jo. 6 June 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
- ^ a b "Le premier Ambassadeur de la République de Zambie, SEM le Professeur Royson M. Mukwena a présenté ses lettres de créance à SEM Ahmed Abdallah Sambi, Président de l'Union des Comores". beit-salam.km (in French). Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- ^ "Masivo relacionamienton diplomatico". abc.com.py (in Spanish). 29 September 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Six nouveaux Ambassadeurs accrédités auprès du Burkina présentent leurs Lettres de créance au Président du Faso". lefaso.net (in French). 18 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Embajadores presentan credenciales a Lobo". La Prensa (in Spanish). 9 August 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten" (PDF). gov.sr (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ "Hoy se celebran 10 años de relaciones diplomáticas con Zambia. Guatemala reafirma el compromiso por estrechar aún más los vínculos de amistad y cooperación". MINEX Guatemala (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ^ a b "Cinco Embajadores presentan copias de cartas credenciales en Quito". confirmado.net (in Spanish). 16 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- ^ a b "Finlandia, Grecia, Guyana y Zambia acreditan a sus nuevos embajadores ante Solís". La Nacion (in Spanish). 28 May 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ a b "Pres. Lungu Receives Letters Of Credence from Nine Envoys". MUVI Television. 29 August 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ "Le Président de la République reçoit les Lettres de Créances de 4 nouveaux Ambassadeurs accrédités à Djibouti" (in French). 23 October 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
- ^ a b "Presentación de cartas credenciales y audiencias con el Presidente de la República". guineaecuatorialpress.com (in Spanish). 20 April 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ "Held bilateral meeting with Dr Barnaba Marial Benjamin". Hakainde Hichilema on X. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
- ^ "High Commissioner invites Antigua and Barbuda business community to Zambia". High Commission of the Republic of Zambia in Canada. 19 November 2012. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "Foreign embassies and consulates in Australia - Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Bolivia and Zambia as of 5 Jan. 1987". United Nations Digital Library. 5 January 1987. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Home - MFA". mfa.gov.cy. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Danish Embassy Zambia". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
- ^ "World Embassy Information - Panduan dan Info Untuk Jalan Jalan Keluar Negeri". World Embassy Information. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ^ "Finland and Zambia". Finland Abroad. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ a b "Greece's Bilateral Relations". www.mfa.gr. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 6208-6259. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1979. p. 8.
- ^ "Welcome to High Commission of India, Lusaka, Zambia". www.hcizambia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ^ "MEA | Indian Missions Abroad | Indian Mission". mea.gov.in. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ^ "Zambian Embassy in India". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
- ^ "Zambian Embassy in India contact info". Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
- ^ Irish embassy in Lusaka Archived 2 August 2012 at archive.today
- ^ "ZHCL". www.zhcl.org.uk. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ^ Benyamin Neuberger. "Israel's Relations with the Third World (1948–2008)" (PDF). tau.ac.il. p. 20. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
- ^ Uri Bialer (2020). Israeli Foreign Policy A People Shall Not Dwell Alone. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-04623-9. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
- ^ "Bilateral Treaties". Archived from the original on 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Bienvenido". embamex.sre.gob.mx. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ^ "Embassy of Zambia in the United States". Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ^ "High Commission for the Republic of Zambia | New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
- ^ List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1978. p. 1.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Middle East and Africa". www.mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Zambia". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
- ^ "British Embassy Lusaka". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
- ^ "Country and regional development partnership summaries". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
- ^ "United Kingdom - Zambia BIT (2009)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
- ^ Andy DeRoche, Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa (London: Bloomsbury, 2016)
- ^ Africa Today Friends, neighbors, and former enemies: the evolution of Zambia-Zimbabwe relations in a changing regional context.(Southern Africa in the Postapartheid Era) by Scarritt, James R. ; Nkiwane, Solomon M.; published 01-JAN-96
- ^ "Zimbabwe's neighbours" Archived 6 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, June 2008
- ^ "Zambia protests against Zimbabwe". Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
- "Permanent Mission of The Republic of Zambia to The United Nations". Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
- "Background Note: Zambia". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
- "Kenneth Kaunda: A life in power". BBC. 26 June 2006. Archived from the original on 6 January 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006.