Flora MacDonald

For other uses, see Flora MacDonald (disambiguation).

Flora MacDonald
Flora Macdonald by Allan Ramsay c. 1749–1750; the roses are a Jacobite symbol. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
Born	1722 (1722) Milton, South Uist, Scotland
Died	5 March 1790(1790-03-05) (aged 67–68) Kingsburgh, Skye
Nationality	Scottish
Known for	assisting the escape of Charles Edward Stuart
Signature

Flora MacDonald (1722 – 5 March 1790) is best known for helping Charles Edward Stuart evade government troops after the Battle of Culloden in April 1746. Her family had generally backed the government during the 1745 Rising, and MacDonald later claimed to have assisted Charles out of sympathy for his situation.

Arrested and held in the Tower of London, she was released under a general amnesty in June 1747. She later married Allan MacDonald and the couple emigrated to North Carolina in 1773. Their support for the British government during the American War of Independence meant the loss of their American estates and they returned to Scotland, where she died in 1790.

Early life

Flora MacDonald was born in 1722 at Milton on South Uist in the Outer Hebrides, third and last child of Ranald MacDonald (d. 1723) and his second wife, Marion. Her father was a member of the minor gentry of Clan MacDonald of Clanranald, being tacksman and leaseholder of Milton and Balivanich. She had two brothers, Angus, who later inherited the Milton tack, and Ronald, who died young.

Sunset on South Uist, where MacDonald was born in 1722

Particularly in the Hebrides, elements of the Clan Donald remained faithful, despite religious persecution, to the Catholic Church, but Flora came from South Uist's Protestant minority. According to Scottish Episcopal Church Bishop Robert Forbes, "Miss MacDonald is Protestant, and is descended from the family of Clanranald by her father, and of an Episcopal clergyman by her mother."

Through her uncle Maighstir Alasdair MacDhòmhnaill, Episcopalian Rector of Kilchoan and a Clanranald tacksman of Dalilea, Moidart, she was first cousin to Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair. Along with Sorley MacLean, the latter is considered one of the two most important figures in Scottish Gaelic literature.

Her father died soon after her birth and in 1728 her mother married again, this time to Hugh MacDonald, Tacksman of Armadale, Isle of Skye. MacDonald was brought up by her father's cousin, Sir Alexander MacDonald, Chief of Clan Macdonald of Sleat. Suggestions she was educated in Edinburgh cannot be confirmed.

On 6 November 1750, she married Allan MacDonald, a captain in the British Army whose father was Sir Alexander's steward, and tacksman of Kingsburgh, Skye. They had seven surviving children, two daughters and five sons, two of whom were lost at sea in 1781 and 1782; a third son John made his fortune in India, enabling his parents to spend their last years in some comfort.

The escape of Prince Charles Edward Stuart

Due to the Prince arriving with only the Seven Men of Moidart rather than the much larger force of French Royal Army troops and military advisers he had promised, the Chief of Clan MacDonald of Sleat had not felt bound by his own promise and had not raised his clan or joined the Rebellion.

MacDonald was visiting Benbecula in the Outer Hebrides when Prince Charles and a small group of aides took refuge there after the Battle of Culloden in June 1746. One of his companions, Spanish Royal Army Captain Félix O'Neille y O'Neille from County Antrim, was a descendant of the derbhfine of the last Chief of Clan O'Neill of the Fews and a distant relative of MacDonald. O'Neille accordingly reached out and asked for MacDonald's help. Benbecula was controlled by an pro-government Independent Highland Company commanded by MacDonald's step-father, Hugh MacDonald. This connection allowed her to obtain the necessary permits but she apparently hesitated, fearing the consequences for her family if they were caught. She may have been taking less of a risk than it appears, since witnesses later claimed Hugh advised the Prince where to hide from his search parties.

Islands of Skye and Raasay, Portree mid-left

Passes were issued allowing passage to the mainland for Flora MacDonald, and a party of eight, including Charles disguised as an Irish maid called Betty Burke. On 27 June, they landed near Sir Alexander's house at Monkstadt, near Kilbride, Skye. In his absence, his wife Lady Margaret arranged lodging with her steward, who told Charles to remove his disguise, as it simply made him more conspicuous. The next day, the Prince was taken from Portree to the island of Raasay, while MacDonald remained on Skye. They never met again.

Capture

Captain John Fergussone of H.M.S. Furnace was a native of Old Meldrum, near Inverurie (Scottish Gaelic: Inbhir Uaraidh) in Aberdeenshire. Fergussone was, according to non-juring Scottish Episcopal Church Bishop Robert Forbes, "a man remarkable for his cruelties... Even in his younger years he was remarkable for a cruel turn of mind among his school fellows and companions, and therefore he is the fitter tool for William the Cruel."

According to historian John Watts, during "the year of the pillaging", Captain Fergussone and his crew, "[were] responsible for so much destruction and death on the West Coast", that even though more than two centuries have passed since the, "inhumanity and contempt for authority that he displayed throughout", his quest for Jacobites and for the £30,000 bounty promised for the capture of the prince, John Fergussone has, according to John S. Gibson, taken "his place in Jacobite demonology."

According to historian John S. Gibson, "General Campbell and the Captain of the Furnace were an invaluable ten days in learning that Charles Edward had escaped their search of Benbecula and that the crossing to Skye of the niece of the MacDonald Company commander had something to do with it". The boatmen were detained and confessed.

According to Gibson, "On the 9th of July, the Furnace sailed across the Minch and came to anchor off the Trotternish shore, near to Kingsburgh. Fergussone did not go immediately to Kingsburgh. Instead, a landing party led, as usual, by Fergussone himself, induced a light-headed girl, a dairy maid of Kingsburgh's, to come aboard the Furnace. There, with only a little prompting and a few presents, she was soon boasting that she had seen the Prince, that he had been a night in her master's house, and that her mistress and other ladies had taken beautiful locks of his hair. Armed with this intelligence, Fergussone now went to Kingsburgh and enquired of Miss Flora MacDonald and her lady's maid, Miss MacDonald."

According to Forbes, "Kingsburgh told his lady that Captain Ferguson was come to examine her about some Lodgers she had lately in her house, and desired her to be distinct in her answers." After questioning, Captain Fergussone placed both the Kingsburghs under arrest. On 11th July, 1746, Flora MacDonald was also arrested and brought aboard the Furnace.

According to Forbes, "When Kingsburgh and Miss MacDonald were made prisoners and brought before General Campbell (which happened at different times) both of them honestly own'd the parts they had acted, and, if I rightly remember, declarations were written from their own mouths and they subscribed to them." Only the protection of General John Campbell of the Campbell of Argyll Militia during her brief stay aboard the Furnace prevented MacDonald from the same inhumane treatment and deliberately unsanitary rations as other prisoners aboard the same ship.

Imprisonment

Captain Félix O'Neille y O'Neille, as he appeared later in life.

According to Forbes, "When Miss MacDonald was a prisoner she happened in coursing about from place to place to go fall in luckily with Captain O'Neil, then a prisoner likewise, to whom she made up, and giving him a gentle slap upon the cheek with the loof of her hand, said, 'To that black face do I owe all my misfortune.' The Captain with a smile replied, 'Why, Madam, what you call your misfortune is truly your greatest honour. And if you are careful to demean yourself agreeable to the character you have already acquired, you will in the event find it to be your happiness.'"

Despite the inhumane conditions of his incarceration and repeated threats of flogging and other methods of torture by Captain Fergussone, Félix O'Neille y O'Neille, unlike MacDonald, gave only deliberately misleading information to the government about the prince's whereabouts. Even so, Bishop Forbes later wrote, "Captain O'Neil was wont to tell those who visited him in the Castle of Edinburgh that he had been at the same pains as a parent would be with a child to lay down rules to Miss MacDonald for her future behaviour under the misfortune of being a prisoner, and that it gave him infinite pleasure to find that things had happened to her hitherto according to his words, and to hear by all accounts he could learn that she had sacredly observed the advices he had given her. He frequently expressed his heartiest wishes that she might get free of all her troubles, and arrive at that which she so justly deserved."

As she had told O'Neil that she feared, MacDonald was transported to England for imprisonment in the Tower of London. After Lady Margaret interceded on her behalf with the chief Scottish legal officer, Duncan Forbes of Culloden, she was allowed to live outside the Tower under the supervision of a "King's Messenger" and released after the June 1747 Act of Indemnity. Aristocratic sympathisers collected over £1,500 for her, one of the contributors being Frederick, Prince of Wales. She allegedly told Frederick she helped Charles out of charity, and would have done the same for him.

Emigration to North Carolina

Following their marriage in 1750, Flora and her husband lived at Flodigarry on Skye. During the 1756 to 1763 Seven Years' War, Allan MacDonald served in the 114th and 62nd Regiments of Foot, and inherited Kingsburgh after his father died in 1772. The couple was visited here by poet, essayist, and lexicographer Dr. Johnson during his visit to the island in 1773. Johnson later described Flora as "a woman of soft features, gentle manners, kind soul and elegant presence". He was also author of the inscription on her memorial at Kilmuir: "a name that will be mentioned in history, and if courage and fidelity be virtues, mentioned with honour".

However, a series of poor harvests and increasingly high rents resulted in what Johnson described as an "epidemic desire of wandering" throughout the Highlands in general. At the time of his visit in 1773, more than 800 people from the Sleat lands were preparing to emigrate to North America, and in 1774 Flora and her husband moved to Anson County, North Carolina. Along with other Clan Donald transplants, they settled near what is now Cameron Hill, on a plantation named "Killegray".

When the American Revolutionary War began in 1775, Allan raised the Anson Battalion of the Loyalist North Carolina Militia, a total of around 1,000 men, including their sons Alexander and James. They then set off for the coast to link up with some 2,000 British reinforcements commanded by General Henry Clinton, who in reality had only just left Cork in Ireland. Early on the morning of 27 February, they were ambushed at Moore's Creek Bridge by Patriot militia led by Richard Caswell and along with his troops, Allan MacDonald was taken prisoner.

After the battle, Flora MacDonald was interrogated by the local Committee of Safety. In April 1777, all Loyalist-owned property was confiscated and the MacDonalds were evicted from Killegray, losing all their possessions. After 18 months in captivity, Allan was released as part of a prisoner exchange in September 1777 and posted to Fort Edward, Nova Scotia as commander of the 84th Regiment of Foot. He was joined here by his wife in August 1778.

Return to Skye

Flora's grave in Kilmuir Cemetery, Skye

After a harsh winter in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in September 1779 MacDonald took passage for London in the Dunmore, a British privateer; during the voyage, she broke her arm and ill-health delayed her return to Scotland until spring 1780. She spent the next few years living with various family members, including Dunvegan home of her son-in-law Major General Alexander MacLeod, the largest landowner in Skye after the MacDonalds.

The compensation received for the loss of their property in North Carolina was insufficient to allow them to resettle in Nova Scotia and Allan returned to Scotland in 1784. Kingsburgh was now occupied by Flora's half-sister and her husband, and Allan instead took up tenant farming in nearby Penduin. She died in 1790 at the age of 68 and was buried in Kilmuir Cemetery, followed by her husband in September 1792.

Legacy

1896 statue, Inverness Castle

Traditional portrayals of the escape focus on Charles, with MacDonald relegated to a secondary role. She herself rarely spoke of the episode, and her last contact with the Prince was when they parted ways at Portree. It appears her assistance was at least partly driven by fears his continued presence would endanger her family.

Michael Newton, a modern scholar of Scottish Gaelic literature, argues English-language versions fail to recognise that not only is her husband the celebrated iconic hero in the Gaelic oral tradition, but that, "Flora was only one of many people who risked their lives to protect" the Prince during his flight after Culloden. Her cousin, Gaelic poet Niall mac Eachainn, criticised her in verse for trying to win favour from both Stuarts and Hanoverians, while contrasting his own continuing loyalty to the Jacobite cause.

MacDonald was painted several times by Scottish portrait artist Allan Ramsay (1713–1784), most of which have now survived. The one used in this article was done after her release from the Tower in 1749–1750; in 2015, a previously unrecorded painting, allegedly also by Ramsay, was discovered in Florida.

Inspired by the novels of Sir Walter Scott, the Victorian era created a Scottish cultural identity that co-opted "romantic" icons like Mary, Queen of Scots and Prince Charles. In 1878, MacDonald joined this list with the publication of an alleged "Autobiography". Ghostwritten by her granddaughter Lady Flora Frances Wylde, it contains so many mistakes that it could not have been written by her. These errors were repeated by Charles Ewald in his 1886 book The Life and Times of Prince Charles Edward, which remains the basis for many popular perspectives on her life and motivations.

This was soon followed by the first performance of the Scottish highland dance known as "Flora MacDonald's Fancy", while a bronze statue was erected at Inverness Castle in 1896, with her dog Flossie by her side.

The Flora MacDonald Academy, formerly Flora MacDonald College, in Red Springs, North Carolina is named for her. Two of her children are interred on the campus. Until 2009, it was also the site of the Flora Macdonald Highland Games.

In popular culture

English literature

• Inglis Fletcher, The Scotswoman (1954); a novel based on Flora MacDonald's life in North Carolina during the American War of Independence.

Scottish Gaelic literature

• In a Gaelic poem composed, however, after his release from the Tower of London, Niall mac Eachainn mhic Sheumais, who had also risked his own life to protect the hunted Prince, highly praised her courage, but also harshly criticized his cousin Flora MacDonald. Flora, he alleged, had taken carefree steps and accordingly sought to curry favor with both the Stuarts and Hanoverians at the same time, instead of making a choice and sticking with it. In contrast, Neil not only vowed his own forever loyalty to the Prince, but followed him into what became a permanent exile and where he became the father of Marshal of the Empire Étienne Macdonald.

Film and television

• In the 1948 film Bonnie Prince Charlie, Flora MacDonald is portrayed by Margaret Leighton, with David Niven as Prince Charles. Niven later recalled the film as "...one of those huge, florid extravaganzas that reek of disaster from the start."
• Flora MacDonald was played by Shauna Macdonald in the Outlander television series, season six, episode five.

Music

• In 1884, Sir Harold Boulton composed English lyrics to Cuachag nan Craobh , a lament written by 18th-century Gaelic poet William Ross about his unrequited love for noblewoman Marion Ross. Under the title The Skye Boat Song, Boulton's lyrics focus instead upon Prince Charles' escape to Skye, and proved extremely popular.
• The Flask, a Dutch folkband, released the song Flora MacDonald in 2021, telling her story from saving Prince Charlie until her death.

Sources

• Bate, W Jackson (1955). The Achievement of Samuel Johnson. OUP. ISBN 978-0195004762.
• Douglas, Hugh (2004). "Flora MacDonald". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17432. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
• Fraser, Flora (2022). Pretty Young Rebel: The Life of Flora Macdonald. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1408879825.
• MacInnes, John (1899). The Brave Sons of Skye; Containing the Military Records (compiled From Authentic Sources) of the Leading Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, and private soldiers whom "Eilean a' Cheo" has produced. Eyre and Spottiswood.
• MacLeod, Ruairidh (1985). Flora MacDonald: The Jacobite Heroine in Scotland and North America. Shepheard-Walwyn. ISBN 978-0856831478.
• MacGregor, Alexander (December 2009). The life of Flora Macdonald, and her adventures with Prince Charles (Print On Demand ed.). Nabu Press.
• MacLean, JP (1900). An Historical Account of the Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America. Helman Taylor.
• McConnell, Brian (30 November 2014). "A Highlander & Loyalist – Alan MacDonald" (PDF). UE.org. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
• Meyer, Duane (1963). The Highland Scots of North Carolina. Raleigh, N.C.: Carolina Charter Tercentenary Commission.
• Morris, RJ (1992). "Victorian Values in Scotland & England". Proceedings of the British Academy (78).
• Newton, Michael (2015). Seanchaidh na Choille The Memory Keeper of the Forest: Anthology of Scottish Gaelic Literature of Canada. Nimbus Publishing. ISBN 978-1772060164.
• Newton, Michael (2001). We're Indians Sure Enough: The Legacy of the Scottish Highlanders in the United States. Saorsa Media.
• Quynn, Dorothy Mackay (July 1941). "Flora MacDonald in History". The North Carolina Historical Review. 18 (3): 236–258. JSTOR 23516055.
• Riding, Jacqueline (2016). Jacobites; A New History of the 45 Rebellion. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1408819128.
• Sumner, Natasha; Doyle, Aidan, eds. (2020). North American Gaels: Speech, Song, and Story in the Diaspora. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0228005186.
• Thomson, Derek, ed. (1983). The Companion to Gaelic Scotland. Blackwell. ISBN 9780631155782.

Further reading

• Douglas, Hugh (1993). Flora MacDonald: The Most Loyal Rebel. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0750903486.

External links

• "'Flora MacDonald portrait' found in Florida". BBC News. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
• Historic Environment Scotland. "Inverness, Castle Wynd, Statue Of Flora Macdonald (13434)". Canmore. Retrieved 26 January 2015.